The History of Archaeology Part 1 - The First Archaeologists

The History of Archeology Part 1 - The First Archeologists The historical backdrop of prehistoric studies as an investigation of the old past has its beginnings in any event as right on time as the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Archaic exploration as a logical report is just around 150 years of age. Enthusiasm for the past, be that as it may, is a lot more seasoned than that. On the off chance that you stretch the definition enough, likely the soonest test into the past was during New Kingdom Egypt [ca 1550-1070 BC], when the pharaohs exhumed and reproduced the Sphinx, itself initially worked during the fourth Dynasty [Old Kingdom, 2575-2134 BC] for the Pharaoh Khafre. There are no put down accounts to help the excavationso we dont know which of the New Kingdom pharaohs requested the Sphinx to be restoredbut physical proof of the reproduction exists, and there are ivory carvings from prior periods that demonstrate the Sphinx was covered in sand up to its head and shoulders before the New Kingdom unearthings. The First Archeologist Convention has it that the principal recorded archeological burrow was worked by Nabonidus, the last lord of Babylon who managed between 555-539 BC. Nabonidus commitment to the study of the past is the uncovering of the establishment stone of a structure devoted to Naram-Sin, the grandson of the Akkadian ruler Sargon the Great. Nabonidus overestimated the age of the structure establishment by 1,500 yearsNaram Sim lived around 2250 BC, in any case, hell, it was the center of the sixth century BC: there were no radiocarbon dates. Nabonidus was, to be honest, unhinged (an item exercise for some a paleologist of the present), and Babylon was in the end vanquished by Cyrus the Great, author of Persepolis and the Persian domain. Exhuming Pompeii and Herculaneum The vast majority of the early unearthings were either strict campaigns of some sort, or fortune chasing by and for world class rulers, dress reliably until the second investigation of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The first unearthings at Herculaneum were basically treasure-chasing, and in the early many years of the eighteenth century, a portion of the flawless stays secured by about 60 feet of volcanic debris and mud 1500 years before were wrecked trying to locate the great stuff. Be that as it may, in 1738, Charles of Bourbon, King of the Two Sicilies and organizer of the House of Bourbon, recruited classicist Marcello Venuti to revive the poles at Herculaneum. Venuti regulated the unearthings, deciphered the engravings, and demonstrated that the site was to be sure, Herculaneum. Charles of Bourbon is likewise known for his castle, the Palazzo Reale in Caserta. What's more, in this way was paleohistory conceived. Sources A list of sources of the historical backdrop of paleohistory has been gathered for this task. History of Archeology: The Series Section 1: The First Archaeologistsâ -You are here Part 2: The Effects of the Enlightenment Part 3: Is the Bible Fact or Fiction? Section 4: The Astounding Effects of Orderly Men Part 5: The Five Pillars of Archeological Method Bibliography

Effects of Early Marriage Essay

This part comprise of Introduction, Background of the Study, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study and Definition of Terms. Presentation Marriage is considered as one of the best piece of a couple’s life. Things that will be value and fortune by a married accomplices. Considering the new, cultivated and freed country, it was notable in this nation that early marriage is considered as a disputable topic. Early marriage influences the individual engaged with it in numerous mental and social manners. There were conceivable outcomes that the couple who were hitched at their young age battles in confronting the hardships and challenges of existence without learning and comprehending what a wedded life was. It is significant that this married couple were not yet prepared to confront the troubles of what wedded life was. Foundation of the Study Early marriage or kid marriage alludes to a marriage wherein the people included were not on their precise ages of an eligible couple, it is much of the time and regularly before adolescence. Now and again just a single marriage-accomplice is a kid and they were typically females. Furthermore, in some most pessimistic scenarios the females were really pregnant that they think about marriage as an answer. Eventually the females associated with early marriage were at that point truly and mentally maltreatment when they were connect on that early marriage. In this examination the analysts needed to advise whatever other individuals that this issue early marriage is a genuine case that individuals will know. The scientists included themselves to individuals who were really hitched at their young ages, individuals who were not yet hitched and individuals who were locked in about the subject. Assessment SHEET Name: _____________ Age: ___Gender: ________ Grouping: (kindly check) Student: ___ Wife: ___ Husband: ___ Directions: Check the container which compare your answer. 1.Do you like to be hitched at a youthful age? YesNo 2.On what age you needed to be hitched? ______________ 3.Do you as of now have a spouse/wife? YesNo 4.Are you authoritatively wedded? YesNo 5.What age did you wedded your accomplice? ______________ 6.Are you compelled to wed your accomplice? Indeed No 7.Are you arranged to have a family? Indeed No 8.Have you been maltreatment by your accomplice? YesNo 9.What harsh acts have you experience from your accomplice? ___________________________________ Reasonable Framework The reasonable system of this investigation was spoken to in a type of a schematic outline: IV DV Casing I Frame II Casing I: Independent variable wherein it comprises of early marriage or youngster marriage. Edge II: Dependent factors wherein it comprise of the reasons for why individuals connect with themselves to early marriage or youngster marriage. It comprise of ward factors that will make an individual be hitched at a youthful age. Proclamation of the Problem Who will be severely influenced by early marriage? Speculation The analysts happened upon the theory that the ladies or females include in early marriage were the ones that will experience the ill effects of the impacts of early marriage. Early marriage This investigation was made to illuminate and to give about early marriage and its belongings to the accomplices in question. Future Researchers This examination can be use as a wellspring of information and data for future related looks into. Degree and Limitations This is an investigation that has restricted information and data about early marriage. The information accumulated in this examination came and assessed from (20) married housewives (20) married spouses (5) single female understudy/s (5) single male understudy/s. Along these lines the procedure and arrangement on this investigation must be painstakingly examined for the others to be educated well. This examination isn't proposed to trouble or mischief other individual associated with a family that was occupied with an early marriage like their kid/youngsters in this manner this investigation was made to simply illuminate those individuals what early marriage truly was. This examination utilized assessment sheets to assess what truly were the impacts of early marriage in a couple, in an understudy. Meaning of Terms Early marriage/kid marriage: it is a marriage wherein it is given to those kids despite the fact that they were not in their eligible ages.

Blog Archive Carnegie Mellon University Tepper Essay Analysis, 20162017

Blog Archive Carnegie Mellon University Tepper Essay Analysis, 2016â€"2017 *Please note: You are viewing an essay analysis from the 2016-2017 admissions cycle.  Click here to view our collection of essay analyses for the current admissions season.   This application season, Carnegie Mellon University’s Tepper School of Business has streamlined its essay prompts down to just one and broadened the scope of the query to leave the decision of what to share largely up to the candidate. Rather than asking applicants about a defining moment and how they anticipate contributing to and benefitting from their experience in the Tepper program, the school poses what those familiar with the entrepreneurial/start-up world will readily recognize as a kind of “elevator pitch.” Candidates must distill what they feel are the most meaningful elements of their candidacy into a brief and compelling sound bite of sorts. Read on for our suggestions on how you might accomplish this Your essays are a great way for us to really get to know who you are. There are no right or wrong answers here â€" be authentic and tell us what we won’t find in the rest of your application. Only one essay is required. There also is an optional essay if there is additional information you wish to share with the admissions committee about your candidacy. Essay 1: (Maximum 300-350 words, 12-point font, double-spaced): Imagine that you meet up with a member of the admission committee at an airport while on a layover. You have an opportunity to make a memorable impression. Use this essay to introduce yourself. Include any information that you believe is important for the committee member to know about you both professionally and personally. With a limit of just 300â€"350 words, you do not have a lot of room to get too detailed here, so heed the school’s directiveâ€"“tell us what we won’t find in the rest of your application”â€"and steer away from providing a basic rundown of your current job title and company, your undergraduate institution, your extracurriculars, and/or any other statistics and data points that the admissions committee will already have. This is not an invitation to just offer a laundry list of attributes or achievements but to “make a memorable impression” (emphasis ours). Although you want to use this essay to convey key information about your candidacy, before you start writing anything, take a few minutes to actually imagine yourself in this situation in real-life. What do you think you would truly say to an admissions officer in such a setting? We are pretty sure you would not whip out your resume, begin detailing your greatest achievements, and outline the career you hope to have afte r graduating. Some of this information may indeed be part of what you want your brief message to be, but you should be natural and realistic in your approach. And given that being able to streamline your central, most crucial messages and facts into a readily accessible, compelling, yet brief statement is a valuableâ€"if not requiredâ€"skill in the workplace, this essay may also give Tepper insight into your abilities in that regard So, go beyond the bullet points in your resume and consider touching on personal qualities that are distinctive and representative of who you are as an individual, providing some ideas of how or what you could contribute to the Tepper environment, sharing your post-MBA goals, explaining your reason for wanting the degree, and/or clarifying why you feel you need an MBA now in particular. Business schools generally want to know (whether they ask directly or not) what candidates have in mind when they apply to an MBA program. To change careers? Advance in their current one? Hone certain skills? Gain exposure to a particular aspect of business or build a stronger network? Keep all these ideas in mind when deciding what to include in your essay, and work to supply the admissions committee with any such details you feel are most relevant for your candidacy. We recommend downloading your free copy of the mbaMission Personal Statement Guide to help you better understand the primary points sc hools often request and get some ideas on how you might frame or incorporate them into your essay. Though this may be easier said than done for some applicants, do your best to infuse your personality into your submission as much as possible. Let your approach and style reflect how you generally conduct yourself. Are you typically light-hearted or more blunt and forthright? Do you tend to be creative and visionary or more grounded and conservative? This essay will be the school’s first glimpse into who you are beyond the short answers, flat facts, and numbers provided in the rest of your application, so you want to try to convey your individuality and character along with your key points. Optional Essay: Use this essay to convey important information that you may not have been otherwise able to convey. This may include unexplained resume gaps, context for recommender selection, etc. If you are a re-applicant, explain how your candidacy has strengthened since your last application. Tepper’s optional essay prompt is somewhat broad in the sense that it does not demand that you discuss only problem areas in your candidacy. However, the second line of the prompt seems to imply that the admissions committee expects the essay to be used for just that. If an element of your profile would benefit from further explanationâ€"such as a poor grade or overall GPA, a low GMAT or GRE score, or a legal or disciplinary issueâ€"this is your opportunity to address it and answer any related questions an admissions officer might have. We caution you against simply trying to fill this space because you fear that not doing so would somehow count against you, and do not interpret this as a blank-slate invitation to dump every bit of remaining information about yourself that you feel the school is lacking or to offer a few anecdotes you were unable to use in your required essay. Although no word limit is stipulated, be mindful that by submitting a second essay, you are making a claim on an (undoubtedly very busy) admissions representative’s time, so you be sure that what you have written is worth the additional resources and effort. For more guidance, see our mbaMission Optional Essays Guide, in which we offer detailed advice (along with multiple examples) on when and how to take advantage of the optional essay. If you are a reapplicant, this essay is pretty straightforward. Whether you have improved your academic record, received a promotion, begun a new and exciting project, increased your community involvement, or taken on some sort of personal challenge, the key to success with this essay is conveying a very deliberate path of achievement. Tepper wants to know that you have been actively striving to improve yourself and your profile, and that you have seized opportunities during the previous year to do so, because a Tepper MBA is vital to you. The responses to this essay question will vary greatly from one candidate to the next, because each person’s needs and experiences differ. We are more than happy to provide one-on-one assistance with this highly personal essay to ensure that your efforts over the past year are presented in the best light possible. Share ThisTweet 2016-2017 Carnegie Mellon University (Tepper) MBA Essay Analysis

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Commerce - 958 Words

Abstract E-Commerce Ecommerce (or electrical commerce) refers to the shopping for and mercantilism of products and services via electronic channels, primarily the net. On-line retail is unquestionably convenient because of its 24-hour handiness, international reach and usually economical client service. The invention of quicker net property and powerful on-line tools has resulted in a new commerce arena – Ecommerce. Ecommerce offered several blessings to firms and customers however it additionally caused several issues. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce: ADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE: I. Faster buying/selling procedure, similarly as simple to seek out merchandise. II. Buying/selling 24/7. III. More reach to†¦show more content†¦Disadvantages of Online Payment Method: While e-commerce security system makes the payment secure and easy and also prevents fraud, there are still security breaches related to online transactions. Credit Card Fraud: Online transactions are transactions in which the card is not present physically. Stolen credit card numbers can be used without the knowledge of the cardholder. The ideal way to avoid credit card fraud is have a payment processor that can authenticate the user. Chargebacks: There are two types of chargebacks, Distribution chargebacks and Consumer chargebacks. Distribution chargebacks: These are chargebacks in which the supplier has charged a price which is higher than the price being charged to the consumer. Consumer chargebacks: These types of chargebacks occur when a fraudulent customer makes a purchase with a stolen card or also when the actual customer does not receive the goods or services requested. International Currency: One of the benefits of having an online store is that the marketplace can be extended around the globe. However, all payment processors do not have the necessary infrastructure to convert international currency. Addressing Security Concerns: There are number of steps that can be taken to ensure strong online security. Focusing on the security details early and often can help the website in avoiding theft and fraud. Use of Cryptocurrency: Cryptocurrency like Bitcoin can also be used in an e-commerce website. It uses aShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of E-Commerce899 Words   |  4 PagesO2O e-commerce and will propose several solutions. How to avoid being eliminated in the new e-commerce? The traditional physical industry facing enormous challenges.O2O business model provides a solution of e-commerce in traditional physical industries. The model of O2O shopping platform refers to a business model in which the e-commerce corporations or merchants, who, through the establishment of physical stores, expand the range of services and products into real economy with the advantages of onlineRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of E-Commerce Essay1946 Words   |  8 PagesJames Davis Advantages and Disadvantages of E-commerce Bus 107 Debra Wilson November 22, 2010 Abstract In today’s economy, business moves at a rapid pace and shows no sign of slowing down. Many of the revolutionary changes that have taken place and supplied this economic engine with fuel are due to electronic commerce. The introduction of the computer into the workplace has brought about manifold changes and seemingly unlimited possibilities for merchants. This new technology offers manyRead MoreThe Effects Of E Commerce On Global Trade1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of E-commerce in Global Trade Introduction E-commerce is a term describing a new and innovative more efficient way of doing business completely by use of the internet, to conduct trade dealings both on a national and global scale. E-commerce offers a different mode of performing trade throughout the world without the need for tangible contact between the buyer and seller. The new transaction mode of purchasing and supplying goods has become explosive in terms of efficiency, competitivenessRead MoreBusiness And Consumer E Commerce873 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Business to Consumer e-Commerce? Business to Consumer e-Commerce, also referred to as B2C, is the process of selling goods and services over the Internet rather than having a traditional brick and mortar outlet to sell such products. Businesses establish a website or electronic marketplace with multimedia catalogs, interactive order processing, protected electronic payment systems, while also offering online customer support which allow consumers to shop and purchase items in confidenceRead MoreEssay on E-commerce678 Words   |  3 Pagesways to secure electronic marketing online, there is a greater need for E-commerce. Whatis.com defines E-commerce (EC) as the â€Å"buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet. As more and more companies accept the challenge of E-commerce, e-business security and security software is becoming a factor that corporations need to meet. We will discuss what E-commerce is and how it is used and the advantages and disadvantages. Security systems for EC have four categories that include: Authentication:Read MoreQuiz on Information Systems and Outsourcing848 Words   |  3 Pagesorganization. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Contrary to popular opinion, the greatest advantage of outsourcing isnt cost reduction; its the ability to gain much-needed expertise and insight that a company could not otherwise get. When the advantages of outsourcing are seen through this prism of increased insight and knowledge, taken together they explain why outsourcing is becoming so pervasive (Djavanshir, 2005). Additional advantages of outsourcing including beingRead MoreStarting a Business Online Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This report will explain the understanding of a small, local clothing store along the Jersey Shore boardwalk that wants to engage in e-Commerce. It will identify the advantages and disadvantage of taking a small business online by performing a SWOT analysis. It will provide key issues that any company faces when it conducts international commerce that includes trust, culture, language, government, and infrastructure. The businesses that operate on the Web that extends a company’s reachRead MoreDisadvantages Of E Commerce1457 Words   |  6 PagesThanks to development technology, e-commerce, which has revolutionized nearly every industry in the world has become more and more popular and effect on a business and people (Bandyo-Padhyay, N. 2002). According to Bandyo-Padhyay. N (2002), it is a trendy expression that web based business performed in the right on time to the center of the 1990s and quickly turned into a typical term in the business and scholastic world. Internet business (Electronic trade) implies working business electronicallyRead MoreInformation Systems Proposal Paper1332 Words   |  6 PagesContents Information Systems Proposal 3 Functional Area Information System 3 Disadvantages and Advantages 3 Analysis 4 Transaction Processing System 4 Disadvantages and Advantages 4 Analysis 4 Office Automation System 4 Disadvantages and Advantages 5 Analysis 5 Management Information System 5 Disadvantages and Advantages 5 Analysis 5 Electronic Commerce System 6 Disadvantages and Advantages 6 Analysis 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 Information Systems Proposal Read MoreThe Internet Is Not A Tangible Entity Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork configurations that are either local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). The internet is always evolving and its accessibility is also changing. With the integration of technology, there are more devices likely to be invented and e used in new and exciting ways to access the internet. The internet is not a tangible entity, but more of a concept that relies on physical infrastructure to be operational. Though nobody owns the internet, the over 2.4 billion users cannot work without

Essay On Ray Bradbury - 1154 Words

Who is Ray Bradbury? Well many of you probably already know who he is. He is an author who wrote many good books such as Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, The Illustrated Man, and The October Country. I have read his book Fahrenheit 451 and it was a spectacular piece of art. In this paper you will learn more about this legendary author named Ray Bradbury. Ray bradbury was born August 22nd, 1920 in Waukegan Illinois. He died June 5th, 2012 in Los Angeles California at the age of 91. His parents were Leonard Spaulding Bradbury and Esther Moberg Bradbury. As a CHild he liked to watch magicians and liked to read adventure and fantasy fiction. He especially liked the works of L. Frank Baum, Jules Verne, and Edgar Rice Burroughs.†¦show more content†¦While it seemed like a science fiction novel to everyone, Bradbury thought of it as a fantasy. Later on his short stories started to adapted as comic books. Bradbury s best known work was Fahrenheit 451 and personally one of my favorites. It became an instant hit in the era of McCarthyism because of its dystopian theme. Later on in 2007 he disputed that Fahrenheit 451 was not about censorship but about how television drives away the want to read.(Patia Daphne â€Å"Assault on free thought.†) Fahrenheit 451 is about a dystopian future where books are illegal, walls are televisions, and firemen don t put out fires but start them to get rid of books in the house. It is the story of Guy Montag who is a Firemen who goes against it all and reads books in secret and finds out that they shouldn t be burning them and he figures out the true history of the world. In this world there is no interest in doing anything but working and watching television in their parlors, but the people who know what s actually going on are hunted down and killed or put in prison. Later on in his life, despite his hate for television, he advocated for movies and television shows. He had many screenplays written including his take on Moby Dick in 1956, in 1986 he had a television series on HBO based around his short stories and comic books which ran until 1992. He published 30 books, close 600 shortShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ray Bradbury1243 Words   |  5 Pages Ray Bradbury nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ray Bradbury was a dreamer. Bradbury had a skill at putting his dreams onto paper, and into books. He dreams dreams of magic and transformation, good and evil, small-town America and the canals of Mars. His dreams are not only popular, but durable. His work consists of short stories, which are not hard to publish, and keep in the public eye. His stories have stayed in print for nearly three decades. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ray Bradbury was bornRead MoreThe Pedestrian by Ray Bradbury Essay493 Words   |  2 Pagesbelieves in. Imagery is one of the best used literary devices in this short story. Imagery means â€Å"The use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.† (http://dictionary.reference.com/define/imagery) In The Pedestrian Bradbury tells us that Mr. Mead’s house â€Å"had all of its electric lights brightly lit, every window s loud yellow illumination, square and warm in the cool darkness.† (51) This story also uses imagery when it talks about the police car and says, â€Å"†¦peered intoRead MoreFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay569 Words   |  3 Pagesof this book is in depth and important to the making of our future. Ray Bradbury uses strong words that help build up the story. This book is a dystopian book written in the 1950’s and having the book takes place in the 21st century. A recommended for this book is to people who are interested in dystopian novels. Also that the reader can relate the story to real life situation, for some things in the book did come true. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is recommended for university students whoRead MoreRay Bradbury Compare And Contrast Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting Characteristics Ray Bradbury’s creation of character Montag in Fahrenheit 451 mirrors his own personal fears, social expectations, and importance of relations. Fahrenheit 451 is split up into 3 characteristics that the author, Ray Bradbury and the main character, Guy Montag share, bringing them to show their most common interests†¦ their love for book. They are willing to go to the fullest extinct for their passion without letting anything get in their way and taking allRead MoreTechnology and Family Issues in The Veldt by Ray Bradbury Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesfew hours—the tantrum he threw!† (Bradbury). This line of the story explains the wanting of the family’s children back against technology. It also shows that the technology is winning because of the desire to keep playing in the nursery. â€Å"The Veldt† is a short story written by Ray Bradbury who was born on August 22, 1920 and passed away on June 5, 2012. He was very interested in the science fi ction genre and Edgar Allan Poe (Kattelman). Kattelman states that Bradbury, â€Å"as a young child was influencedRead MoreA Response to Embroidery by Ray Bradbury Essays950 Words   |  4 PagesA Response to Embroidery by Ray Bradbury The short story Embroidery, written by Ray Bradbury is one, which could be classed as a science fiction story with some political aspects to it. Embroidery ends in apocalyptic terms, where an atom bomb is dropped. Written in the 1960s meant that the cold war was still going on and being hit by an atomic bomb was highly possible. I think that because of this a general reader reading this story in the time it was written wouldRead MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, irony is used to convey information and it contributes to the overall theme of the novel. Written during the era of McCarthyism, Fahrenheit 451 is about a society where books are illegal. This society believes that being intellectual is bad and that a lot of things that are easily accessible today should be censored. The overall message of the book is that censorship is not beneficial to society, and that it could cause great harm to one’s intelligence and socialRead MoreRay Bradbury says, READ!!! Essay457 Words   |  2 PagesThroughout all of Fahrenheit 451, there is a sense that the author, Ray Bradbury, is trying to deliver a message to us. There is a purpose behind Bradbury writing this book. Some of the reasons he wrote this book for is to give his thoughts about today’s youth problems, to give us his vision of what will possib ly happen in the future, and tell us the consequences of our actions. The first reason that Bradbury wrote this book is to give us his point of view about books today. For him, people are notRead MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury2072 Words   |  9 PagesFahrenheit 451 There appears to be some writing on the note ... Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is a science fiction novel that discusses and shows the life of a very controlled society. The society is not allowed to read books and is punished for doing so. The books are burned at 451 degrees Fahrenheit, which is the temperature it takes book paper to burn (Bradbury 1). Although society today isnt like that as far as books are concerned, the author still shows some trends that are occurringRead More The Martian Chronicles, by Ray Bradbury Essays1235 Words   |  5 Pagesregions had their own culture and government, but because the West was so much stronger, they were taken over. When these areas were finally freed from years of oppression, their society was left in shambles and much of their culture was destroyed. Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles explores this theme of imperial expansion as applied to the hypothetical situation of humans colonizing the planet Mars. In the novel, the humans who flock to the planet are portrayed as re ckless beings with no care

The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 - 941 Words

A. Plan of the investigation The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a dark and very crucial time in American history. The late sixteen hundreds consisted of relying on young girls for the truth; but to what extent did the puritan’s religion and culture have in the proceedings of the Salem Witch Trials? A focus on the religion that the puritans believed in and their culture will be discussed. Also, how their faith turned them against those who were accused of witchcraft. It is also needed to discuss how they faith of the puritan’s even came about. B. Summary of Evidence The Puritans were a group of people who worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms.1 The Puritans believed that the Bible was Gods law, and that it provided a plan for the living.2 One who lives in accordance with Protestant, should avoid sin.3 They also believed God would punish sins in a severely manner..4 Twenty-four innocent victims lost their lives in the Era of the Salem witch trials. 5 During the years of 1692 and 1693, many people died that was falsely accused of witchcraft. If your name was mention you was automatically punished for witch craft.6 People were hanged, pressed, and even died in prison.7 The accusations, the executions, and the events kept Salem, Massachusetts very much so busy.8 The Puritans had a few major categories that outlined their beliefs.9God made the world good but, Adam and Eve messed that up or everyone to come. All of Gods giftsShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the execution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Salem Village (currently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, includingRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Of 16921271 Words   |  6 PagesSalem Witch Trials of 1692 Salem was a very disperse community in the Massachusetts Bay colony with a growing Puritan community in the northern America. Towns in the colony were scattered by a half days travel or more. In view of this, transportation and communication was a very slow and the settlers were threatened by the attack of bears and other wild animals. Puritans were spiritual people and believed that God is the ruler of everything they possessed. The puritans believed that they were theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 1692 Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pages The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 were a dark time in American history. There were many possible causes of the Salem Witch Trials. A few major causes that led to the Salem Witch Trials were religion, reputations, and lack of laws. Life before the infamous Salem Witchcraft Trials was extremely mundane and normal. Salem villagers led a simple life in the customs of the Puritans. The Salem village and society was based and founded on the Puritan religion. The people had a very set lifestyle withRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria Of 1692879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trial hysteria of 1692 caused 20 people to be hung or pressed to death and 4 perished in jail. In addition, 200 people in Salem were accused of being witches. On June 10 of 1692, Bridget Bishop was charged with practicing witchcraft and she was also accused of bewitching her husband to death. The result of her not confessing was that she was hung to her death. All of this frenzy started in the house of Samuel Parris. His daughters were consumed by the bizarre tales told by their IndianRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692700 Words   |  3 PagesSalem Witch Trials DBQ   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How would you feel if your life was ruined just because you were considered unfit for society? This is exactly what was going on during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Prior to the trials, there were witch hunts that caused global unease mainly to Protestant societies. King Philip’s War also contributed to this unease by pushing people from the east coast and into Puritan towns. These towns had misogynistic male leadership, depriving many people of humanity becauseRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials Of 16921061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 In colonial Massachusetts between February of 1692 and May of 1963 over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned for the capital felony of witchcraft. Trials were held in Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town of Essex County of Massachusetts, but accusations of witchcraft occurred in surrounding counties as well. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem Village. Hysteria had swept throughRead MoreWitch Hunts : The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692938 Words   |  4 PagesWitch Hunts Essay â€Å"Its funny how everyone hates witch hunts†¦ until they see a witch† - Jon Stewart Even though The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 was one of the most well-known witchcraft trials over the world, the idea of witchcraft stretches over a long period of time and spreads throughout the world. One of the earliest known witch hunts according to (witchcraftandwitches.com) were in the mid 15th century, where Pope Innocent VII claimed that Satanists in Germany were meeting with demonsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And The Witch Hunts Of 1692801 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the witch hunts of 1692. The primary source that is being analyzed isn’t about him but is from many stories that he collected and put them together in a manuscript. This manuscript that contains true accounts about the trial and it included the attempted escape of Mrs. Cary of Charlestown Massachusetts told from her husband Nathaniel Cary’s viewpoint. I believe that Nathaniel Cary wanted this account to be written in order to highlight and expose how the puritans handled the witch trials and spe cificallyRead MoreThe Spring Of 1692 Salem Witch Trials1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn the spring of 1692 the Salem witch trials began. During this time in history women accused of being witches often faced being torture, testing, and trials. Most of the time witches experienced executions if not that, put in jail. The townspeople tortured the accused witches in the most inhumane ways. This is considered a very dark and eerie time of the Puritans in Salem, Massachusetts (P., Shaunak). A group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts told the people of their town they had been possessed

Fast Food and The International Market free essay sample

Analyzes the prospects for exporting American style fast food to the international market. Examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of such an approach. Fast food is an American staple and in some respects has been an American phenomenon, though it has been spreading to other countries with American franchising and marketing. In the U.S., certain types of fast food have long held sway, with the hamburger segment being the biggest. However, by the 1990s both growth and overall sales in the hamburger segment were declining, while there was some growth in other segments. The top three hamburger chains continued to struggle against the tide, facing declining customer base, sales, and profits. The chains were faced with the need to expand their menus in response to the publics demand for lighter, healthier foods and greater variety. Healthier foods have been offered in the fast food format by a number of different chains and in a number of different forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food and The International Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Comment On An Experience In Your Life That Had An Effect On Your Life.

Comment on an experience in your life that had an effect on your life. I was a little worried writing about my mother because I thought it would seem like I was looking for sympathy, but I figured it was a good topic to write about because it had the largest effect on me. My goal became to write an essay that didn't focus on the death or loss but on the change and growth that took place. Being active is something that has always been important to me, and I learned this from growing up with and observing an expert. My mother was more active and involved than anyone I have ever known. She had an endless energy for life, and love for my two brothers and me, and I have tried to be the kind of person that she was. The phrase on her headstone reads: "A joyous and boundless energy." My mother was a highly respected kindergarten teacher for twenty years. In addition to working with children as a professional, she was always involved in my elementary school years, as a class mother or President of the PTO. In the summers there were more children, as we would go to sleepaway camp in Maine and she would be in charge of the youngest group of campers. She was always running, playing, consoling, planning, and caring for children. At home, she was just as active. I remember doing homework with her every night and she got so involved with it that she would practically do it for me, which I thought, at the time, was a pretty good thing. We were always going places, visiting friends, just learning, and there was never a dull moment. Though I didn't know it consciously at the time, she was setting an example which I was bound to follow. Over seven years ago, my mother died after a long battle with melanoma. I was ten at the time, in fifth grade, and I suppose I didn't really understand it all that well, or as well as my older brothers did. This essay is not about that loss or death, but on the change that took place. After she was gone, things were so drastically different, because there was so much dull time with nothing to fill it but thoughts. I think I learned from my mom about how to be active and I must have decided, subconsciously, to continue in her path. I saw how happy she and the rest of my family were, and I wanted to perpetuate that. Though it was a small beginning, I began the next year by becoming class president. I joined every club I could and participated in different sports. I wanted to do as many different things as I could. One of my memories of junior high was being busy every lunch period with meetings: the math team, student government, Junior National Honor Society. I was the this little tiny kid, the smallest in my grade, and I was always running around and talking. I remember being scolded many times for what I thought was having too much energy. I was always taught, by my mother, that energy was a good thing, and when it got me in trouble it was very confusing. I continued with this energy and involvement throughout my high school years. I come from a very small school, and that has had a positive effect in allowing me to explore many different activity options. I wouldn't have been able to experiment the way that I did if I had come from a larger school. I found myself involved in athletics, student government and publications, community service, academic competitions, and drama productions. This experimentation allowed me to see what activities I liked the most, and it gave me a good idea of what I want to continue doing. I loved going to my high school and felt close to the 82 other students in my grade. I think I would like to pursue education at a small school which would allow me to continue to participate the way I have. I don't think it really matters to me exactly what I am doing. I just want to be doing something. Comment On An Experience In Your Life That Had An Effect On Your Life. Comment On An Experience In Your Life That Had An Effect On Your Life. I was a little worried writing about my mother because I thought it would seem like I was looking for sympathy, but I figured it was a good topic to write about because it had the largest effect on me. My goal became to write an essay that didn't focus on the death or loss but on the change and growth that took place. Being active is something that has always been important to me, and I learned this from growing up with and observing an expert. My mother was more active and involved than anyone I have ever known. She had an endless energy for life, and love for my two brothers and me, and I have tried to be the kind of person that she was. The phrase on her headstone reads: A joyous and boundless energy. My mother was a highly respected kindergarten teacher for twenty years. In addition to working with children as a professional, she was always involved in my elementary school years, as a class mother or President of the PTO. In the summers there were more children, as we would go to sleepaway camp in Maine and she would be in charge of the youngest group of campers. She was always running, playing, consoling, planning, and caring for children. At home, she was just as active. I remember doing homework with her every night and she got so involved with it that she would practically do it for me, which I thought, at the time, was a pretty good thing. We were always going places, visiting friends, just learning, and there was never a dull moment. Though I didn't know it consciously at the time, she was setting an example which I was bound to follow. Over seven years ago, my mother died after a long battle with melanoma. I was ten at the time, in fifth grade, and I suppose I didn't really understand it all that well, or as well as my older brothers did. This essay is not about that loss or death, but on the change that took place. After she was gone, things were so drastically different, because there was so much dull time with nothing to fill it but thoughts. I think I learned from my mom about how to be active and I must have decided, subconsciously, to continue in her path. I saw how happy she and the rest of my family were, and I wanted to perpetuate that. Though it was a small beginning, I began the next year by becoming class president. I joined every club I could and participated in different sports. I wanted to do as many different things as I could. One of my memories of junior high was being busy every lunch period with meetings: the math team, student government, Junior National Honor Society. I was the this little tiny kid, the smallest in my grade, and I was always running around and talking. I remember being scolded many times for what I thought was having too much energy. I was always taught, by my mother, that energy was a good thing, and when it got me in trouble it was very confusing. I continued with this energy and involvement throughout my high school years. I come from a very small school, and that has had a positive effect in allowing me to explore many different activity options. I wouldn't have been able to experiment the way that I did if I had come from a larger school. I found myself involved in athletics, student government and publications, community service, academic competitions, and drama productions. This experimentation allowed me to see what activities I liked the most, and it gave me a good idea of what I want to continue doing. I loved going to my high school and felt close to the 82 other students in my grade. I think I would like to pursue education at a small school which would allow me to continue to participate the way I have. I don't think it really matters to me exactly what I am doing. I just want to be doing something.

Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Essay Example

Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Essay Example Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Paper Current Research on Medications used in the Treatment of Schizophrenia Paper 1996), and the proportion had increased to 64. 4% by 2000 (Wong et al. , 2005). However, little is known about the process by which these medications are adopted, i. e. , whether there is a simple switch to a new medication or a more complex process of trial and error. Literature Review The history of antipsychotic drug development is closely linked to the dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia. This hypothesis postulates that schizophrenia is associated with a disorder in DA neurotransmission based on several observations: 1. Dopamine agonists, such as d-amphetamine, bromocriptine, and l-DOPA can exacerbate symptoms in schizophrenic patients and can produce psychotic symptoms in non-schizophrenic persons. 2. All currently used antipsychotic drugs share the common property of D2 dopamine receptor blockade both in vivo and in vitro. 3. A correlation exists between D2 dopamine blocking potential and clinical antipsychotic efficacy (Creese et al. , 2006). An increase in D2 dopamine receptors in the drug-naive schizophrenic brain has been reported but this finding has not been replicated (Wong et al. , 2005). In contrast, it has been shown that the D2 dopamine receptor and its gene are reported to be normal in schizophrenia and the antipsychotic drugs can only control symptoms and cannot cure the disease. While this hypothesis provided a rationale for the development of new drugs, there are still many unresolved problems. Not all schizophrenic symptoms can be explained by excess of dopamine. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related to a hyperdopaminergic state in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas (Crow, 2005), and the negative symptoms to a hypodopaminergic state in the medial prefrontal cortical area (Merriam et al. , 2000). Therefore, a dopamine blocking agent cannot logically be the most suitable drug to improve both the positive and negative dimensions of schizophrenia. Current Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients Clinical Goals of Treatment Antipsychotic therapy focuses on four primary symptom domains in schizophrenia – positive symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive impairments, and disturbance of mood and affect (Tandon et al. , 2005). Positive symptoms are prominent during acute exacerbations of illness, and often precipitate hospital admission. Negative symptoms include both primary and secondary components, due to either the illness itself or due to other factors such as depression, environmental deprivation, or parkinsonian side effects of antipsychotic medications (Miller et al. , 2000). Although they rarely precipitate hospitalization, they frequently worsen during acute psychotic episodes, and typically do not fully resolve after the episode. Negative symptoms are moderately associated with functional impairments between acute episodes of illness. Cognitive symptoms include deficits in all four major areas of neuropsychological function – memory, attention, language, and executive function. Although cognitive functions often show significant premorbid impairment, there is evidence that they continue to decline after the onset of illness, especially during acute episodes of illness. These symptoms are largely due to the underlying pathology of schizophrenia, but are also worsened by secondary factors, such as depression or pharmacologic treatment. Cognitive symptoms are highly correlated with lifetime functional impairment in schizophrenic patients (Bilder, 2007). Mood and affective symptoms common in schizophrenia include depression, anxiety, agitation, and behavioral dyscontrol. These symptoms contribute to subjective distress, functional impairment, and hospitalization, and are appropriate targets for pharmacologic intervention. The remarkable heterogeneity of schizophrenia is attributable in part to the relative contributions of each of these domains of pathology to individual cases of the disorder. Furthermore, the quality and severity of each type of symptom varies over the course of illness in the individual patient, creating a unique mosaic of symptoms over time. Antipsychotic treatment has usually been focused on positive symptoms, which respond most dramatically to pharmacologic interventions. Modest symptom improvement in other domains typically follows reduction in psychosis. There are two major reasons to focus more intently on negative, cognitive, and mood symptoms. First, they are highly correlated with patients’ functional status and quality of life. Second, because they are difficult to treat once they occur, it is critical to avoid the progression of these symptoms, which is usually associated with acute episodes of illness. Thus, prevention of acute episodes benefits the patient not only by avoidance of hospital admission, but also by minimization of the functional deterioration associated with progression of negative and cognitive symptoms. General Principles Antipsychotic medications have been the mainstay of the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. AAP drugs show levels of antipsychotic efficacy comparable with the conventional agents, but are somewhat more effective in the treatment of negative, cognitive, and mood symptoms, and they carry a greatly reduced risk of EPS and TD (Meltzer, 1993). Clozapine is unique in its antipsychotic efficacy, effective treating 30% to 50% of patients who do not respond to other medications (Kane et al. , 1998). Because of its associated risk for agranulocytosis, seizures, hypotension diabetes and weight gain, clozapine is not considered a first-line agent, and is reserved for treatment-refractory cases. In treating a schizophrenic patient, two factors – the temporal and dimensional – need to be considered. Temporal factors include emergency, acute, chronic and rehabilitation treatments and dimensional factors include the positive, negative, cognitive and mood target symptoms. Acute Treatment Acute patients generally enter treatment through the emergency room and, if needed, may get admitted into the psychiatric ward of a hospital. The removal of the patient from the stressful environment, if any, is itself positive. In an acute setting, antipsychotic monotherapy is the most useful line of treatment, and AAP drugs are preferred because of the lack of acute EPS. Antipsychotic drugs are used in therapeutic doses and in most instances, use of high doses is not needed. There is no evidence that schizophrenic patients respond to any one specific medication and the response depends on the individual. Intramuscular preparations are sometimes required to treat acute patients; both haloperidol and ziprasidone are available in intramuscular formulation. Occasionally, lorazepam intramuscularly either alone or with haloperidol is administered to decrease agitation (Salzman, 1988). The goal in acute treatment is to prevent harm to self or others by decreasing excitatory symptoms. When to Expect improvement Positive symptoms improve first. Of the positive symptoms, psychomotor excitement improves in a day or two and sometimes in a few hours. Akathisia and dystonia also occurs most often with in the first 48 hours to a week, and patients need to watched carefully during this period. Hallucinations and delusions take about 3 months to improve and, in some instances, may continue unabated. Thought disorders improve gradually. There is variability in how an individual patient responds. Adjunct medications, increase in antipsychotic medication dose, addition of another antipsychotic drug, or changing the antipsychotic agent within a month is unwise. Maintenance Treatment Continuing antipsychotic medication treatment after acute symptoms are controlled reduces the likelihood of a relapse (Davis, 1995). The antipsychotic medication should be continued indefinitely. Depot injections decrease relapse rates better than oral medications and are indicated in certain circumstances. Tardive dyskinesia is a major risk with CAP drugs, occurring in about 5% of the haloperidol treated patients per year. In older patients, in one year 27 % of patients develop tardive dyskinesia (Jeste Caligiuri, 1993). It is the risk of tardive dyskinesia which is partly responsible for the popularity of AAP drugs as the first choice for treatment. Dose of the medication is an unsettled issue. With regard to antidepressant therapy, the dose that helped a person to improve is the same dose used as maintenance dose. With antipsychotic drugs, there is a need to use the minimum amount necessary to prevent relapses. What the minimum dose is, is a clinical decision. The maintenance antipsychotic treatment has to be flexible to suit the individual needs with a positive risk-benefit ratio. Discussion The introduction of chlorpromazine a half century ago clearly revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Unfortunately, neither this drug nor other typical antipsychotic medications are uniformly or optimally effective in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia. These agents do not reduce psychotic symptoms in all patients and have limited efficacy against other clinical features of the illness (e. g. , negative symptoms and cognitive deficits). In addition, the different side effects associated with these medications have both contributed to problems with compliance and introduced additional sources of morbidity. The availability of atypical agents, such as clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, promised advantages in both efficacy and tolerance but raised very important questions, such as, 1) Which antipsychotic medication used is best for a given profile of symptoms of schizophrenia? and 2) just how much advantage in treatment efficacy, especially for negative symptoms, do the current atypical medications actually provide? Clear answers to these questions have been difficult to obtain from the existing literature because the available studies evaluated only a subset of the medications of interest, used different experimental designs and outcome measures that hinder comparisons across studies, and examined primarily acutely ill subjects, making it difficult to determine whether clinical improvement reflected reductions in not only secondary but also primary negative symptoms. In addition, a number of the comparative studies that have been published were developed and sponsored by the pharmaceutical companies whose medications were being evaluated, raising concerns about potential sources of bias in experimental design or interpretation of outcomes. The study by Papanikolaou and colleagues provides compelling new data that address these important issues. These investigators recruited 157 inpatients who had a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and a history of suboptimal treatment response to adequate duration and doses of one or more typical antipsychotics. The patients were randomly assigned to receive clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol in a 14-week, double blind trial. Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores were significantly improved for all three patient groups treated with atypical agents but were unchanged for the haloperidol treated group. This finding would be expected for individuals who were selected for study because 1) they had not responded adequately to previous treatment with typical antipsychotics and 2) they had not failed previously to respond to treatment with atypical agents. When compared with haloperidol treatment (with conservative corrections for the performance of multiple statistical tests), only clozapine and olanzapine demonstrated statistically significant improvement in negative symptoms. In addition, none of the three atypical antipsychotics produced a statistically significant improvement in positive symptoms or general psychopathology compared with haloperidol. In considering the significance of these findings, several aspects of this study are worthy of note. First, the importance of such double-blind direct comparisons of therapeutic agents is rivaled by the difficulties involved in conducting such studies. For example, achieving the optimal dose for each agent can be a major challenge; as noted by the authors, the dose of risperidone was probably too high, presenting one limitation to the study. In addition to the complexity involved and time required to conduct these types of studies, the staged introduction of new medications produces problems in making direct comparisons across medications. In the study by Papanikolaou et al. , the comparison of haloperidol, clozapine, and risperidone was designed and implemented when olanzapine became available commercially. To enhance the relevance of their study to clinical practice, the investigators subsequently added an olanzapine treatment arm. However, the later addition of olanzapine-treated subjects meant that assignment to treatment with olanzapine was not completely random with the other three medications, creating the possibility of a cohort effect. This raises the question of whether subjects who entered the study later, and received olanzapine, were somehow different from the subjects who entered the study earlier, and received the other drugs, in a way that would account for any differential response (or lack thereof) to a given treatment. The authors have thoughtfully addressed this question and provide reasonable arguments for the absence of such a cohort effect, but they acknowledge that the possibility cannot be completely excluded. Second, the study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), contributions of medications from four pharmaceutical corporations, and supplemental funding for the olanzapine arm (equal to about 18% of the total cost of the project) from Eli Lilly and Company, the manufacturer of olanzapine. This arrangement, a realistic compromise that made possible the direct comparison of four drugs, nonetheless raises concerns about potential bias, given that olanzapine proved to be more effective than other drugs on some measures. However, in contrast to investigations that are initiated and controlled by industry, the authors had complete independence in the design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of the study. In some ways, this study may represent a model approach for the support of clinical trials; that is, the study was designed and conducted by independent investigators, principally funded by the federal government, and supplemented by contributions from, but without undue influence by, the pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, such government/private collaborations for investigator-initiated research have been encouraged by NIMH. Third, despite achieving statistical significance, the differences in efficacy across the medications examined in this study were, as noted by the authors, modest and their clinical significance limited. Thus, the disappointingly small added value of atypical antipsychotics in this patient population clearly underscores the need for the identification of more effective treatments. In this regard, the study by Leucht et al. (1999) in this months Journal provides an informative lesson. These authors conducted a meta-analysis of amisulpride, an atypical atypical antipsychotic that has been used clinically in France for the past decade. Leucht et al. found that amisulpride was superior to typical antipsychotics in improving global symptoms and negative symptoms in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia and more effective than placebo (but not than typical antipsychotics) in patients with predominantly negative symptoms. However, as in the study by Papanikolaou et al. , the additional improvement provided by amisulpride was relatively small. For example, the mean effect size was 0. 11 in acutely ill patients, indicating 11 percentage points more improvement in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score with amisulpride than with typical antipsychotic medications. In addition to clarifying the clinical efficacy of amisulpride, the findings of Leucht and colleagues are informative regarding the pharmacological basis for the atypicality of antipsychotic medications. Although it shares the clinical properties (e. g. , reduced extrapyramidal symptoms at therapeutic doses) that characterize other atypical agents, amisulpride is unusual in that it lacks the combination of activity at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors that has been proposed to account for the efficacy and side effect profile of atypical antipsychotics (1). In contrast, amisulpride is a highly selective antagonist of dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Thus, the superiority of amisulpride in terms of clinical response and reduced extrapyramidal symptoms suggests that activity at the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor is not required for atypicality. As a consequence, these findings may indirectly support the hypothesis of Seeman and Kapur (1996) that fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor accounts for the distinctive features of atypical antipsychotic medications. Conclusion The findings of both studies may further enhance the ability of clinicians to make informed, evidence-based decisions regarding the antipsychotic medication that is most likely to be effective in individual patients. However, the modest differences in clinical efficacy of a given atypical medication relative to typical antipsychotics, and especially in comparison with other atypical antipsychotics, both warrant caution in the face of marketing claims of superiority for a given drug and underscore the continued need for the types of basic research that can contribute to the development of novel and more effective medications for the treatment of schizophrenia. REFERENCES Bilder RM. (2007). Neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia and how it affects treatment options. Can J Psychiatry; 42: 255-264. Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH. (2006). Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science; 192: 481- 83. Crow T. (2005). The two syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bull; 11: 471-86. Davis JM (1995). Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry; 132(12): 1237-45. Denckner S (2001). The need for long-term neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatric Scand Suppl; 291:29-43 Jeste DV, Caligiuri MP (1993). Tardive dyskinesia. Schizophrenia Bull 1993; 19(2): 303- 315. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H. (1988). Clozapine for the treatment-resistant Schizophrenic: a double blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 45: 789-796. Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, Kissling W. (1999). Efficacy and extrapyramidal side effects of the new anti psychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sertindole compared to conventional anti psychotics and placebo: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophrenia Res; 35:51- 68. Meltzer HY (1993). New drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clinical North Am; 16: 365-385. Merriam AE, Kay SR, Opler LA, Kushner SF, van Praag HM (2000). Neurological signs and the positive-negative dimension in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 28: 181-92. Miller DD, Tandon R. (2000). The Biology and Pathophysiology of Negative Symptoms. In: Keefe R, McEvoy J. Eds, Negative Symptom of Schizophrenia. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press; 163-186. Nasrallah HA Eds. (2005). Contemporary Issues in the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press; 109-124. Papanikolaou, Wiesel FA, Stone-Elander S, Halldin C, Nordstrom AL, Hall H, et al. (1990). D2 dopamine receptor in neuroleptic naive schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 47: 213-19. Remington, G. , and Chong, S. A. (1999). Conventional versus novel antipsychotics: Changing concepts and clinical implications. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 24:431-441. Rosenheck R, Cramer J, Xu W, Thomas J, Henderson W, Frisman L, Fye C, Charney D. (1997). (Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Clozapine in Refractory Schizophrenia): A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. N Engl J Med ; 337:809-815 Salzman C. (1988). Use of benzodiazepines to control disruptive behavior in inpatients. J Clinical Psychiatry; 49(suppl): 13-15. Seeman P, Lee T, Chau-Wong M, Wong K. (1996). Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature; 262: 717- 19. Tandon R, Jibson M, Taylor SF, DeQuardo JR. (2005). Conceptual models of the relationship between positive and negative symptoms: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Wong DF, Wagner HN Jr, Tune LE, Dannals RF, Pearlson GD, Links JM, et al. (2005). Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug naive schizophrenics. Science; 244: 1558-63 Worrel, J. A. ; Marken, P. A. ; Beckman, S. E. ; and Ruehter, V. L. (2000). Atypical antipsychotic agents: A critical review. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 57:238-255.

Thchnology as a route to immortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thchnology as a route to immortality - Essay Example Consequently, replication of human thought process brought about immortality of the mind transparently and comprehensibly, since reasoning could not just be replicated but also manipulated (148). Besides thinking without the body, technological advancements promote immortality through promotion of bodies that are impermeable to damage and aging given technology’s ability to health current diseases like cancer; mind uploading that permits existence in virtual reality, alternate bodies or robots, and deep space; and correcting global warming. Based on Cartesian arguments, technological advancements of as thinking machine aimed at relieving human’s immortal mind from its mortal captivity thus lending it a permanent existence both on earth and in heaven (148). Consequently, technology or machine represented secondary individuals with additional perfectionism that will be enhanced through improvements in transhumanism and nanotechnology. The search to imitate the human mind through inventions concluded that machines are thinking, imitate better than human interrogators implying that machines could also learn (151) and function autonomous of human intelligence to make decisions within military context where rational intelligence of artificial intelligence displaces human insanity and limitations (154). Minsky, a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence insinuated that the human interior could be depersonalized and independently replaced by thinking machines (156). Minsky also prophesied the symbiosis of man and machines where AI would accelerate human cognitive process hence promoting high performance machines (157) like voice actuated computers through advancements like ARPANET (158). Like the previous technology enthusiasts, human fascinations with computers incline to spirituality unlike utilitarianism with the brain freeing from the body making it immortal within the cyberspace (160).

Semiotic OR discourse analysis of a magazine advertisement OR TV Essay

Semiotic OR discourse analysis of a magazine advertisement OR TV advertisement - Essay Example Semiotic OR discourse analysis of a magazine advertisement OR TV advertisement It can develop ergonomic design in circumstances where it is vital to make certain that individuals can work together more efficiently with their surroundings, whether it is on a big magnitude, as in structural design, or on a small extent, for instance, the arrangement of images and colours in images. Semiotic Analysis of the Dark Knight’s Advertisement This advertisement has the villain of the movie, rather than the hero. The viewers can easily recognize the Joker through his trademarks - his dark trench coat, the bright red lipstick, his mystifying and concealed face, the worn hang gloves, plus his seaweed green hair. However, the most prominent indicator that this is the Joker is that he has shown scribbling his catchphrase, â€Å"Why So Serious?† in the advertisement. By further exploring the picture, one gets the impression that he is inside or around the city. It is quite a dull day, with immense fog that makes visibility difficult. The townscape in the backdrop is hardly noticeable, and it appears to be very far away. The focus drops directly on the Joker himself. His body posture as well as the position of his fingers appears disorderly and strange. The smile that he is drawing with the red paint - or maybe blood - connotes that the Joker might not be a completely normal person. The fog in the image is an apparent indicator. It smudges and alters the vision, making it tougher to make out something or to recognize somebody (Leeuwen & Jawet, p. 94). The fog in the advertisement is a sign of the Joker’s lack of identity. Despite the fact that the fog is helpful in bringing the Joker into focus, it also helps in smudging his facial features, as well as a great deal of his coat. It makes the Joker appears as if he is a part of the fog; and as a result, the indicator draws attention to the reality that the Joker lacks identity. Advertisers use fog to highlight another point, which is gloominess. The shadowy, grumpy colours along with the fog bordering the image imply that it is a dull and murky situation (Mitry, p. 104). This is rather simple to observe. The gloominess itself is the sign of the personality of the Joker. There is a murkiness that encloses him, a sense of malevolence. Exactly similar to the time when something does not look correct on a dull day, something does not look normal with the Joker. It can be assumed that the gloominess itself is a representation for the Joker. The dull shade of blue in addition to foggy depiction is a sign of a threatening feeling of trouble (Lacey, p. 72). This is mainly because of the connotation of the â€Å"shower scene† that has publicized in various horror movies showing a barely visible hand behind the shower curtain or fogged glass surrounded by the mist. At some point, the picture of the Joker standing there connotes that he is in fact waiting outside a window, or even in your own house. He seems to be a psychopath who has been coming up for you. Another in dicator in this advertisement is the utilization of the Joker’s hands. His fingers are crooked and twisted. This depicts two things. First, he is not totally in control of his personal behaviour. This is a representation that he is psychological instable. Secondly, it reveals that he is suspicious as well as unreliable. It seems that his hands as well as fingers

Accounting Essay Example for Free

Accounting Essay Merchandise inventory is generally valued at the price for which the goods can be sold. reported under the classification of Property, Plant, and Equipment on the balance sheet. reported as a current asset on the balance sheet. often reported as a miscellaneous expense on the income statement. Items waiting to be used in production are considered to be finished goods. merchandise inventory. raw materials. work in progress. In a manufacturing business, inventory that is ready for sale is called store supplies inventory. finished goods inventory. aw materials inventory. work in process inventory. Inventory items on an assembly line in various stages of production are classified as Finished goods. Work in process. Merchandise inventory. Raw materials. Rudolf Diesel Companys inventory records show the following data: Units Unit Cost Inventory, January 1 5,000 $9. 00 Purchases: June 18 4,500 8. 00 November 8 3,000 7. 00 A physical inventory on December 31 shows 3,000 units on hand. Under the FIFO method, the December 31 inventory is $21,750. $21,000. $27,000. $24,000. Rudolf Diesel Companys inventory records show the following data: Units Unit Cost Inventory, January 1 5,000 $9. 00 Purchases: June 18 4,500 8. 00 November 8 3,000 7. 00 A physical inventory on December 31 shows 3,000 units on hand. Under the FIFO method, the December 31 inventory is $21,750. $21,000. $27,000. $24,000. In a period of rising prices, FIFO will have lower cost of goods sold than LIFO. lower net income than LIFO. lower net purchases than LIFO. lower income tax expense than LIFO. The inventory turnover ratio is computed by dividing cost of goods sold by 365 days. verage inventory. beginning inventory. ending inventory. Quigley Companys records indicate the following information for the year: Merchandise inventory, 1/1 $550,000 Purchases 2,250,000 Net Sales 3,000,000 On December 31, a physical inventory determined that ending inventory of $600,000 was in the warehouse. Quigleys gross profit on sales has remained constant at 30%. Quigley suspects some of the inventory may have been taken by some new employees. At December 31, what is the estimated cost of missing inventory? 700,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 Quigley Companys records indicate the following information for the year: Merchandise inventory, 1/1 $550,000 Purchases 2,250,000 Net Sales 3,000,000 On December 31, a physical inventory determined that ending inventory of $600,000 was in the warehouse. Quigleys gross profit on sales has remained constant at 30%. Quigley suspects some of the inventory may have been taken by some new employees. At December 31, what is the estimated cost of missing inventory? $700,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 Cash from sales of merchandise will be recorded in the sales journal. ash receipts journal. purchases journal. general journal. Posting a sales journal to the accounts in the general ledger requires a debit to Cash and a credit to Sales. debit to Accounts Receivable and a credit to Inventory. debit to Sales and a credit to Inventory. debit to Accounts Receivable and a credit to Sales. The process of totaling the columns of a journal is termed footing. ruling. columnizing. sizing. Cross-footing a cash receipts journal means all necessary postings have been completed. each line of the journal has a horizontal total. the columns of the journal have been cross-referenced. he equality of debits and credits in the journal have been proved. Entries in the purchases journal are made without supporting documentation. from purchase invoices. from sales invoices. from the general journal. Principles of an efficient and effective accounting information system include all of the following except cost effectiveness. flexibility. useful output. All of these options are principles. Which of the following is not an advantage of a subsidiary ledger? Puts greater detail in the general ledger. Makes possible a division of labor. Shows transactions affecting one customer or one creditor in a single account. Helps locate errors in individual accounts. Cash equivalents include each of the following except U. S. Treasury bills. bank certificates of deposit. money market funds. petty cash. An example of poor internal control is one person should be responsible for handling related transactions. the accountant should not have physical custody of the asset nor access to it. a salesperson makes the sale, and a different person ships the goods. the custodian of an asset should not maintain or have access to the accounting records. Having different individuals receive cash, record cash receipts, and hold the cash is an example of documentation procedures. establishment of responsibility. segregation of duties. independent internal verification. Storing cash in a company safe is an application of which internal control principle? Establishment of responsibility Segregation of duties Documentation procedures Physical controls Using prenumbered checks and having an approved invoice for each check is an example of segregation of duties. documentation procedures. independent internal verification. establishment of responsibility. An application of good internal control over cash disbursements is check signers should record the cash disbursements. blank checks should be stored in the treasurers desk. each check should be compared with the approved invoice after the check is issued. following payment, the approved invoice should be stamped PAID. Journal entries are required by the depositor for all of the following except bank service charges. an NSF check. collection of a note receivable. bank errors. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that can be converted into a specific amount of cash with maturities of 6 months or less when purchased. year or less when purchased. 1 month or less when purchased. 3 months or less when purchased. The financial statements of Gentry Manufacturing Company report net sales of $400,000 and accounts receivable of $80,000 and $40,000 at the beginning and end of the year, respectively. What is the average collection period for accounts receivable in days? 50 times 40 times 80 times 54. 7 times Writing off an uncollectible account under the allowance method requires a debit to Bad Debts Expense. Uncollectible Accounts Expense. Accounts Receivable. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. The direct write-off method estimates bad debt losses. is acceptable for financial reporting purposes. shows only actual losses from uncollectible accounts receivable. debits Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to record write-offs of accounts. Putnam Companys account balances at December 31 for Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts were $2,100,000 and $105,000 (Cr. ), respectively. An aging of accounts receivable indicated that $192,000 are expected to become uncollectible. The amount of the adjusting entry for bad debts at December 31 is $87,000. 297,000. $105,000. $192,000. The interest rate specified on any note is for a day. week. month. year. On February 1, Platt Company received a $9,000, 10%, four-month note receivable. The cash to be received by Platt Company when the note becomes due is $9,300. $300. $9,000. $9,900. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is computed by dividing total sales by ending net accounts receivable. total sales by average net accounts receivable. net credit sales by average net accounts receivable. net credit sales by ending net accounts receivable.

Media And Baseball :: essays research papers

Media affects everyone and everything; There is no escape. Media is everywhere and surrounds everything. Henry Jenkins and Marshall McLuhan have differing points of view as to what the meaning of media is. They both, however, have their particular ponits which they describe well. Jenkin's talks about the different types of cultures that exist, focusing on popular culture, in his essay, "What Everyone Should Know About Popular Culture." Mcluhan talks about the concepts of Narcicism and the "Global Village." Both Jenkin's and McLuhan's ideas can be focused on a particular thing, such as Baseball. That can be further broken down and analyzed at the team level. The Los Angeles Dodgers have most recently been the center of attention due to the top media coverage of the team. The team does, however, have a great history. They were originally known as the Brooklyn dodgers until they made a move to Los Angeles in 1958. They then became the Los Angeles Dodgers and their owner became Walter O'Malley. He was the owner and president for the next twenty years. After that, he passed the team down to his son Peter. This is a great example of Jenkin's definition of Folk Culture. A very important item was passed down from generation to generation of O'Malleys, eventhough the item was quite massive. Throughout the years, however, the Dodgers were much a part of popular culture. Baseball was known as "America's Favorite Past-time," and still is. The tradition that the O'Malley family had with the Dodgers lasted until 1998, when a big corporation, the FOX group owned by Rupert Murdoch, took over the team. This was a time of chan! ge, but some could argue was for the best. Being owned by the FOX group means there is more media exposure for the team. Now that the team is owned by Rupert Murdoch, McLuhan's ideas about media can be implemented. McLuhan's concept of narcicism can clearly be seen with the transition of the Dodgers from family-owned to corporation-owned. The availability of large funds to acquire key players makes the Dodgers seem narcicistic. People can think that they love themselves so much, that they will do anything to win. Most recently, Kevin Brown, one of the league's top pitchers was signed to a 105 million dollar contract for 7 years. This is the biggest contract in baseball history. This and other aquisitions was supposed to lead the Dodgers to excellence this year. Unfortunately for Dodgers fans, this did not happen. The team is 20 games out of first place with no chance of making post season play. All that can be done is look back and start thinking about next season.

Civilization and Complex Institutions

Sydra Gianassi Period 5 9/12/12 Civilization Interpretive Essay â€Å"Civilization is the limitless multiplication of unnecessary necessities. † – Mark Twain. Civilization is the most highly developed phase of human social development and organization. Over thousands of years historians have come to the conclusion of minimums of being a civilization instead of only being a society. The five criteria of a civilization are advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.The standard high-school criteria are used for analyzing every society to conclude if it is a civilization or not. There is controversy whether connection to a world system should be an addition to the criteria or whether civilization is even a valid concept. The perception of civilization has dated back thousands of years concluding that civilization is a valid concept because it helps categorize alike nations. The high-school criteria are suitable princ iples of civilization and should not be changed.Connection to a world system shouldn’t be added to the criteria because of the redundant contribution to society. The five standards a civilization needs to endure are advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. These 5 criteria are the exact definition of civilization, each principle balances the other. Without these 5 things a civilization would crumble immediately. Cities are the birthplaces or the uprising of the first civilizations.A city is a large group of different people with different cultures. Cities are a center for trade, allowing the city to grow and advance in a structured location. Another standard of civilization are specialized workers. Specialized labor came from the Agricultural revolution, when humans settled in one place and grew their own food. This caused a surplus of food allowing others to do other jobs which cultivated their culture and society. Without specialized workers societies would survive by hunting and gathering.Complex institutions were started in ancient Egypt. Examples of complex institutions are government, economy, tax systems and law. These types of institutions are used to stabilize the civilization so it won’t fall. Another standard is record keeping. As civilizations became intricate they needed to keep track of everything. Without record keeping we wouldn’t know anything about our past and would make the same faults as our ancestors. Finally the last criteria are advanced technology. Advanced technologies are tools to help improve the civilization.Without tools our ancestors wouldn’t be able to create the simple tools of survival ending humanity all together. With these 5 criteria of being civilization humanity has been able to develop to the different cultures there are today. Civilization is a compelling perception although it has many definitions. Submitting to human society in its entirety is a civilization. The Greek Empire separated them from anyone else who don’t speak Greek. They called the outsiders barbarians or the uncivilized. Another empire that labeled other communities was the Roman Empire.They labeled themselves as a society with its own set of distinctive qualities from other civilizations. The word civilization is an expression utilized to portray societies that have advanced farther than other communities such as Paleolithic life of hunting and gathering. Connection to a world system is not needed to make a successful civilization. Connecting with the outside world doesn’t compose the civilization; it only shapes the society within. It merely advances the civilization further to a modern age such as trade and religion.Trade improves advanced technology and culture. For example the Silk Road was a major trade route. The religious and artistic changes our culture has accustomed today came from the Silk Road. It also changed social acceptance and amplifies social interaction with other cultures. These different cultures whose beliefs and cultures help open new and different cultures from one's own culture, and unlocked wealth and opportunities. The Silk Road was essential to day by day life in route-side settlements. Trade is a key part of civilization but is not needed to survive.An example of a civilization that lived without connection to a world system was Feudal Japan. Feudal Japan was a very private civilization with very little trade decreasing the advancement in technology and weapons. But even without the modern technology from the outside world, Feudal Japan was a successful civilization. So a civilization does not require connection to a world system to survive. In conclusion, civilization is a valid concept because it helps organize areas based on similar culture and technology in an area.Since the five criteria are suitable principles it should not be changed or added to. Connection to the world s ystem should not be a supplementary standard of the criteria of a civilization because of its less important contribution to society. Civilization is the state of advanced culture including advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. â€Å"Individual commitment to a group effort – that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work. † – Vince Lombardi

Government Surveillance From Perspective Of Utilitarianism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1119 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Ethics Essay Level High school Tags: Utilitarianism Essay Did you like this example? Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy where the moral justification of a course of action is established based on its ability to accord tangible benefits to a more significant number of beneficiaries than those who lose out. Therefore, utilitarianism justifies its decisions based on establishing the amount of benefits against that of losses. If the former exceeds the latter, then the course of action was warranted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Government Surveillance From Perspective Of Utilitarianism" essay for you Create order Such decision-making processes that pit morality and the balance between benefits and harm have long been a source of great scholastic and social contention. This short essay uses the practical method of making moral decisions to analyse the justification in government surveillance over its citizens. The utilitarian method of making moral decisions is a unique process that involves establishing the possible benefits and harms of each course of action associated with the same decision. This process includes first identifying all possible courses of action that are directly applicable to the issue in need of attention (Bia?‚ek and De Neys 634). In this scenario, all possible courses of action are listed down and established as feasible solutions based on both merit and outcome. Afterwards, each of these possible solutions is analyzed individually and its benefits and harms identified. Lastly, the course of action that offers the highest number of advantages as opposed to harming its subjects is chosen. Many governments have adopted the much-criticised approach of surveillance on their citizens to identify terrorists, public enemies, and significant criminal activity before they become a reality. However, there is a moral dilemma in doing so because although these governments are intent on keeping their citizens safe, these methods also constitute a breach of privacy and espionage on the citizenry. Every citizen that is not under investigation for criminal activity is entitled to their rights to privacy. Therefore, the argument on whether this method of establishing public safety and curbing major crime or terrorism is justified seems to be a perfect scenario for the utilitarian approach of moral decision making (Ferrin 71). The value applicable in this scenario is the right to privacy and be free from espionage, which is also highly desirable in the currently connected world. Breach of the peoples rights to confidentiality usually causes enormous scandals and mass unhappiness. Another value that becomes evident in the course of analyzing the case scenario is trust in government systems. Although governments are tasked with the safety and welfare of their citizens, spying and collecting information from them breach the same trust these beneficiaries have for their leadership (Day 34). While the government could be interested in maintaining peace and avoiding significant attacks and crime, their processes could also end up eroding the trust that their beneficiaries have in them. The moral dilemma pitting an overzealous government keen to protect its citizens and the citizenry concerned about their privacy could benefit from three possible solutions. First, the government could cease surveillance on its people altogether and seek for alternatives of identifying potential threats to the people and government. Another possible solution would be to establish specific criteria for continued surveillance to prevent even obviously innocent citizens from suffering the breach of rights (Dunn Cavelty 704). One such approach would involve people with known connections to terror groups, gangs, or threats to the government. If such suspects and their immediate families are identified, court warrants could be sought to begin surveillance on them and their networks. The third possible solution to this moral dilemma is continued surveillance on the people as a discrete process. Although this solution offers benefits for both citizens and their government, it would aggravate the already dire situation. The second solution is perhaps the most beneficial regarding all parties involved. Creating an exclusive criterion for continued government surveillance based on past criminal behaviour, links to terror and criminal groups, or extreme views against the government seems to be a fair justification. This solution would protect innocent citizens from scrutiny into their lives and the attached breach of their rights to privacy. Consequently, the citizens would be happy that their right to privacy is protected and the welfare of society is still very much a priority to the government based on its targeted surveillance (Ferrin 80). Such circumstances would create the most happiness in modern society given its attachment to privacy rights and the growing concern over safety and security. Another solution whose impact on global happiness elicits interest is the last one where the government continues surveillance albeit in a more discrete manner. It is not a secret that governments such as the United States, China and Russia continuously monitor their peoples lives online and offline without telling anyone about it. This government surveillance elicits a lot negative sentiment from people, especially those in more liberal countries such as the United States (Day 37). However, the same activity also assists in identifying possible threats to security such as terrorist groups meaning there are distinct benefits too. Therefore, this solution has the most negative impact on global happiness based on its effect on peoples rights to privacy. The last resolution, which was a complete closure of all government surveillance on its people, would also have its own outcome regarding global happiness. When the United States was exposed through turned intelligence operatives such as Edward Snowden, it ceased its blanket policy of surveillance after the uproar these revelations caused. However, the government had to seek alternative forms of intelligence gathering and surveillance processes leaving it exposed to extremists and domestic terrorist attacks (Dunn Cavelty 708). This solution may have a two-fold effect on global happiness. The first reaction is happiness because the government has been exposed and ceased all surveillance activities thus upholding citizens rights. However, once a major criminal or terror attack occurs due to the governments shortcomings in intelligence gathering and surveillance, that happiness turns to anger and disappointment. Based on these considerations, the most beneficial way of solving the moral dilemma of a government involved in surveillance targeting its people is the second solution. When a government creates a unique set of requirements that justify its continued monitoring on the subjects, it is principally involved in a utilitarian method of decision making. This solution would involve identifying possible suspects based on past criminal records, links to known gangs and extremist groups, and extreme views on government and society (Ferrin 83). Additionally, the suspects friends, family members, and all known associates would also be placed under surveillance. The rest of society would be free of all forms of supervision or investigation. This solution benefits the government by providing it with a reliable source of intelligence, reducing intelligence-gathering costs, and speeding up crime prevention. It also helps people by protecting their rights to privacy while keeping them safe through e ffective crime prevention processes.