Creons Hubris Caused the Conflict of Antigone Essay

Pride is the cause of the main conflict in Sophocles’ play, Antigone. Everyone should have pride, but Creon had too much of it and that blinded him. His pride in his power and abuse of authority was his tragic flaw that ultimately led to his downfall. On the other hand, Antigone takes pride in her beliefs and has the courage to speak out for what she thinks is right. For this, Antigone is seen as an honorable character and the hero of the play. It is shown that there are often two sides to things; pride can be both a source of strength and self-destruction. Creon has just become the king of Thebes and is letting his great power go to his head. He is deaf to reason and even accuses those who try to change his mind of â€Å"selling their soul†¦show more content†¦Due to his unwavering pride and refusal to see through the eyes of others, Creon falls from his position of immense power and wealth which in the end doesn’t matter because all his loved ones and family are now dead. Like Creon, Antigone also never falters in standing up for what she believes in. Although Creon fights for stubborn pride, Antigone is trying to promote what is right and shows her higher reverence for God’s law rather than for Creon’s laws. In the eyes of the townspeople, Chorus, Choragos, and Haimon, Antigone is sacrificing herself to give her brother Polyneices the rightful honors due to the dead. Many side with this brave, honorable girl because she would rather suffer persecution and even death rather than give into Creon’s illogical demands. In the play, the chorus says about her, â€Å"You have made your choice, Your death is the doing of your conscious hand†. Antigone knew of the consequences before she acted and in doing so she chose her fate. At the time, she pleaded her sister Ismene to help her bury Polyneices but was rejected. Despite being alone in trying to rebel and perhaps she may have been afraid, Antigone goes out of her way and puts her life on the line to bring her brother respect. This play features two characters with the human trait of pride. Pride can bring about great bravery in the case of Antigone and too much of it may lead to ruin as depicted in what happened to Creon. In the play Antigone is a martyr because sheShow MoreRelatedAntigone Essay835 Words   |  4 Pagesand wrong things to do. Antigone, in â€Å"Antigone† is set on honroing her dead brother even if it means going against her uncle Creon, resulting in a classic father or fatherly figure daughter conflict. In Sophocles’ play â€Å"Antigone†, the combination of Antigone’s stubborn loyalty and her uncle Creon’s hubris result in the main conflict, while also demonstrating that stubornness and pride lead to destruction. To begin, conflict between Antigone and Creon arises when Antigone blatantly disobeys her uncle’sRead MoreThe Conflict Between Antigone And Creon1327 Words   |  6 PagesAntigone is a play that was written in ancient Greece by the playwright Sophocles. It is the third play in a trilogy of tragedies about the city-state of Thebes, revolving around Oedipus Rex. Antigone starts the day after a civil war fought between the two sons of Oedipus Rex after his death. The civil war ended in death for both brothers, so their uncle, Creon, assumed the role of King of Thebes. The main conflict of the play begins when Creon gives one brother, Eteocles, a burial with honors, butRead MoreCreon from Antigone Essay612 Words   |  3 PagesCreon from Antigone A tragedy, as defined by Ms. Tozar, is â€Å"the story of a falling from a high place to a lower place by a character.† In other words, a tragedy is a story of an individual who starts in a high position and descends throughout the story to end in a position that is lower than original position. The individual who makes the descent is known as the tragic hero. The tragic hero, as defined by Ms. Tozar, is â€Å"the character who falls from grace as a result of fate and/or a weaknessRead MoreDivine Law And Ismene By SophoclesAntigone827 Words   |  4 PagesDaniel Lavitman Mrs. Sicotte English II 21 November 2017 Antigone Test Sophocles’ Antigone sheds light on some questions some of these include, as question one says, human laws versus divine laws, and loyalty to the family versus loyalty to the state. Sophocles writes about how one should always follow divine laws. He does this through the character of Antigone, one of Oedipus’ children. Antigone says that she must act as per the religious law, the law of higher God. Ismene, her sister and anotherRead MoreWho Is More Tragic, Creon or Antigone?863 Words   |  4 Pagesof the character. In Antigone, both Creon and Antigone share some tragic elements: tragic hero, hamartia, hubris, and nemesis. However, Creon is a more tragic hero than Antigone because his character has tragic elements that are absent from the character of Antigone: anagnorisis, peripeteia, and catharsis. There are many tragic elements that both Creon and Antigone share. According to Aristotle, the hero must be a character of high birth or national prominence. Since Antigone is royalty and CreonRead MoreHubris Runs Deep In Sophocles’ Antigone, Thus Is The Destruction968 Words   |  4 PagesHubris runs deep in Sophocles’ Antigone, thus is the destruction in both King Creon and his niece Antigone’s characters. Creon and Antigone both have different values that they live by. Creon’s regard for the laws of the city blinded him to all other beliefs. He felt that all should obey the laws he’s set, even those that interfere with moral and religious beliefs. Antigone on the other hand, holds the laws of family and the heavens with the highest respect. She believes that no law made by man shouldRead MoreAntigone: Sophocles and Creon839 Words   |  4 PagesCreon and Antigone are both honorable people and yet, both are fatally proud and that is the source o f the tragedy. To what extent do you agree? During the time of Ancient Greece, tragic plays were commonly used to deliver a moral message to their audience. Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone† demonstrates the dangers of hubris and the disaster it can cause using the conflict between the two central characters, Antigone and Creon, as the basis of the tragedy. Although they are honourable in their own differentRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Antigone1118 Words   |  5 Pagesown downfall or destruction through their journey as the characters analyze their â€Å"judgment error†. In the play Antigone, Antigone is a tragic heroine who stands up and fights for her moral duties to do what is morally right instead of being loyal to the state even if cost her her life. The plot of Antigone is quite predictable. But, it shows the audience how does it make Creon and Antigone both tragic heroes in their own situation. The purpose of the play tells us that when a man has a noble goal thatRead MoreEssay on Antigone - The Tragic Flaw2238 Words   |  9 PagesAntigone - The Tragic Flaw  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           Antigone, Sophocles’ classical Greek tragedy, presents tragic flaw as the cause of the destruction of Creon, the king of Thebes. This essay examines that flaw and the critical perspective on it.    Robert D. Murray, Jr. in â€Å"Thought and Structure in Sophoclean Tragedy† gives the perspective of the Greek audience, and thereby the reason why there has to be a tragic flaw in Sophoclean tragedy: â€Å"A Greek of the fifth century would, of course, haveRead MoreThe Gratifying Qualities Of Sophocles Antigone1567 Words   |  7 PagesAntigone Shanice Douglas Ms. Masterson English Honors II September 18, 2015 The gratifying qualities of Sophocles tragedians plays, establishes him as one of the most infamous playwrights in Greek history. His refreshingly realistic themes and contradictory characters remain the topic of conversations today. Sophocles’ unorthodox approach of a female character also set him aside from other renowned playwrights. In his play Antigone, audiences are still indecisive on who is the tragic hero;

An Investigation Into The Department Of African And Afro...

In 2010, the University of North Carolina (the â€Å"University†) launched an investigation into the department of African and Afro-American (AFAM) studies, in which several athletes were given special treatment in â€Å"paper classes† (Hartlyn and Andrews 1). In July of 2011, a student athlete, Michael McAdoo, filed a lawsuit against the University and the NCAA due to his ineligibility to play football. In the complaint, the student attached a paper for his Swahili 403 course in which evidence of plagiarism was found (â€Å"Evidence of Academic†). In addition, some players had been receiving grades in classes that did not exist in the AFAM department (Lyall). This fraudulent activity attracted media attention to the University and Karen Gil, the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, launched an investigation to analyze the previous academic years ranging from 2007 to 2011 (â€Å"Evidence of Academic†). The findings from the review committee included u nauthorized grade changes, forged faculty signatures on grade rolls and limited to no class time (the â€Å"Crisis†). However, the crisis was limited to the AFAM department and was not widespread. Professor Julius Nyang’oro, Chairman of the AFAM department, and Ms. Crowder, Department Manager, were deeply involved in what transpired in the University (Lyall). The aim of this misconduct, which lasted for 18 years, was to keep student athletes academically eligible with NCAA academic rules (Skirnick). However, the actions taken by the department andShow MoreRelatedThe Great New Orleans Kidnapping Case : Race, Law, And Justice929 Words   |  4 Pagesin terms of the Reconstruction Era. Some of the political and social changes that happened in New Orleans by 1870 were the inclusion of a highly educated Afro-creole elite, democratic vision of Post-war Republicans testing, race became an important factor in politics and the Reconstruction. Social changes such as formation of highly educated Afro-creole elite meant that an interracial sharing of power could be possible. New Orleans at the time was under the governorship of Henry Clay Warmoth, a warRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pagesand defines excessive use of a force as any level of force that is additionally needed (Henry Jensen, 2011). How do citizens feel about police brutality? African Americans and white people have different comments on police behavior. A recent poll has found that white people trust the police even though police brutality occurs. African Americans, on the other hand, do not agree with this idea. They feel they have been mistreated in the past years and cannot trust the police. In spite of coverage ofRead MoreThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1346 Words   |  6 Pagesrunning the athletic program opted to ignore the policies and fake the student’s class attendance. The article has only pointed out that the students were faking African and Afro-American studies classes (Sarah Lyall 1), but further investigation is required to establish if this was the only class faked. The curriculum developed by the department was designed to assist struggling students to stay afloat and achieve grades for participating in sporting activities. The N.C.A.A. has noted that some schoolsRead MoreIs The N.c.a.a Doing For Protect Academic I ntegrity?1368 Words   |  6 Pagesrunning the athletic program opted to ignore the policies and fake the student’s class attendance. The article has only pointed out that the students were faking African and Afro-American studies classes (Sarah Lyall 1), but further investigation is required to establish if this was the only class faked. The curriculum developed by the department was designed to assist struggling students to stay afloat and achieve grades for participating in sporting activities. The N.C.A.A. has noted that some schoolsRead MoreIs The N.c.a.a Doing For Protect Academic Integrity?1330 Words   |  6 Pageswith running the athletic program opted to ignore the policies and fake the student’s class attendance. The article has only pointed out that the students were faking African and Afro-American studies classes, but further investigation is required to establish if this was the only class faked. The curriculum developed by the department was desi gned to assist struggling students to stay afloat and achieve grades for participating in sporting activities. The N.C.A.A. has noted that some schools areRead MoreThe American Dream Of An Unbiased Judicial, Executive, And Legislative Branch Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesMany Americans have the good fortune to be brought up believing that they can trust their governmental system. Unfortunately, the American Dream of an unbiased judicial, executive, and legislative branch cannot be equally accessed by all Americans. Some parents find it is necessary to dispel the myth of the American Dream for their children, to protect their young minds from future mental strife and in some cases to protect their bodies from future physical harm. This is a reality in our countryRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1902 Words   |  8 Pageseven when there is no valid evidence available to substantiate these claims. Mostly, racial profiling is established by early considerations of the r ace in malefactor investigations. For example in America, driving while ebony (DWB) is one of the subsisting form of racial profile. This is because the people of the African American descent are highly subject to scrutiny by police officers mainly because of their race. Innocent citizens are pulled over by the police officers for no other reasons becauseRead MorePolice Brutality2853 Words   |  12 Pagesprofessions, lives are literally in their hands. There is absolutely no reason or excuse for an officer to use excessive force in the performance of their duties. All in all, this is an issue that will continue to plague the public and police departments throughout the country until a viable solution to the problem is found. Police brutality is the wanton use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. Read MoreThe For The Home Office3173 Words   |  13 Pagesdiscussing the various ways black Afro- Caribbean individuals experience victimisation through hate crime, stereotypes, racism and inequality within the United Kingdom [with the use of US society as comparison] as well as experiencing victimisation within their own culture and community, this will be shown through sexualisation of women within the white and black society. The term Afro-Caribbean will be used in this essay to refer to individuals from a Caribbean and African heritage. To conclude, thisRead MoreCultural Erasure5591 Words   |  23 Pagesexciting holiday destination for North Americans and Europeans, a place where dirty money is easily laundered, and even an undefined, exotic area that contains the dreaded Bermuda Triangle, the mythical lost city of El Dorado, the fabled Fountain of Youth and the island home of Robinson Crusoe. Enriched by the process of creolization, the cosmopolitanism of the average Caribbean person is also well recognized: ‘No Indian from India, no European, no African can adjust with greater ease and naturalness

Landscape Architecture for Topographic - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLandscape Architecture for Topographic. Answer: Landscape Architecture This paper summary paper discusses the following subtopics practical applications, urban conservation, messy ecosystem, design in science, landscape and urban planning, planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas, and reflection of landscape architecture in the 21st century. Practical application A myriad complex and seemingly decisions that are of related occurs in the planning of land use and professions of the landscape architecture. The variety of the factors are considered simultaneously during the analysis of the project phase are social, legal, topographic, demography, microclimate and other specific site information. In this section, the schematic or the hypothetical applications and actual case, in brief, are presented. Also, there explains how landscape architects and planners of the land use can incorporate the landscape ecological principles in their work. Also, the types of the projects and scale ranges are illustrated(Andre Viljoen, 2014). A prototypical type of the landscape with the mix of suburban, forested area and agriculture is used in this section. Elements of landscape ecology like stream corridors, roads, corridors for wildlife movement, habitat patches, boundaries, natural edges, power line and the edge is illustrated. This type of the landscape that is heterogeneous and representation methods is widespread in many parts of US, South American, Europe, and Russia. Development and the changes that are induced by human are planned and occur frequently worldwide. This principle applied r to agricultural suburban and forested area are as valid as in desert, coastal, and mountainous areas. Land planners and designers have incorporated changes in nature which is generalizable and what matters are the consequences of the design or the change(Annemarie van Paassen, 2013). Six schematic applications that illustrate ecological principles are: Regional or micro scale: a regional park of wildlife conservation and a new project of suburban development Landscape or mesoscale: an urban park and a new road A site of micro scale: a corridor of wildlife movement and cluster of the backyard garden Other disciplines are absorbing the landscape ecology principles and this is an opportunity to landscape architecture and land planners to capture the principles and grab the future. Some view land as the source of wealth, an investment, a living system of dynamic, a habitat containing animals and plants and a site of culture, history aesthetics and inspirations(Architects, 2016). Urban conservation: green, sociable and affordable Our ways of the metropolitan can hold back or advance national and regional goals for a sustainable world. It is appropriate that landscape ecologists are turning their attention to issues of management and design of suburban and urban areas. All neighborhood and communities were infused with regulations made by banking standard and municipal law that incorporate fashions and ideas that are accepted worldly to create the escalating regulatory climate. Professional that are concerned with building cities have started to consider how to improve the environment through the methods of alternative building(Bank, 2011). To conserve the urban and enhance the green economy the following areas must be put into consideration: Density: when considering the possibility of property building, the developers and landscape ecologists made the decision on density. municipal regulations for the developer is to determine the cast in terms of dwelling unit per acre, for packing areas, water supply, street width and management of wastes that all depends on the density. Hence concentration on the population create possibilities of long-term in the city for forests, meadow, lake preservers and wetlands that are important for resource management, environmental restoration and preservation of species(Bojie Fu, 2014). The automobile: the automobile dominates the metropolis environment like the highway, the network of street, roads, if the developer fits the auto network effectively, all utilities like gas, telephone, electricity, water, sewages van be tailored to fit. it the attention that through scattering jobs, houses, and locations of retail will reduce the congestion and traffic jams in the urban also ecologists wishes to create space for the green storm, retention of water, wildlife corridor and purification of runoff. These regulations and street fashions gave effect on the socioeconomic pattern on metropolis(Daniel Czechowski, 2016). Community: this is how people relate to their surroundings. The developer should build a multifamily housing provide the opportunities for the community. Other factors that should be considered are shared opportunities and public attitudes, landscape ecology and new urbanism, problems of politics and opportunities for convergence between the landscape ecology and development(Engineers, 2010) Messy ecosystem, orderly frames Ecological functions, cultural perception Ecological quality looks messy and possesses problems for those who imagined and established new landscapes to enhance the quality of the landscape. Designers may be submissive that nature will speak for itself. Some might see culture as the barrier that is not necessary between the science and public attitude that are increasingly green. When talking about the landscape, and changes that take place in it and how to improve them, fear, rejection and anger are encountered. Wetland and swamps can be maintained to acts as the basis for settling pollution. People may care about improving quality of ecology but not at the expense of the good appearance of their landscape(James L. Jr Wescoat, 2015). Proper appearance, neatness and ecological functions: Aldo Leopold powerfully expressed that social identification of the owner of the land with the look of the land. The firm's landscape portrait the owner: the landscape of the homes, city dwellers etc. are the public portrait of themselves. The culture of North America that is dominant reads that orderly and neat landscape that enhance the functions of the landscape ecology is a sigh of hard work and pride. Care and neatness: nature is the concept that is mistaken often as the indication of the quality of the ecology. indigenous ecosystems depends on the on the human management and protection such as water and canopy trees.in the urban and countryside, people perceive the landscape that exhibits biodiversity ad weedy, messy or unkept the problem in introduction of biodiversity in to landscape of urban is that the characteristics tend to be mistaken for lack of care(K, 2010). Cues to care: show that intention of human can be used to frame more novel ecosystem like, flowing tree and plants, wildlife houses and feeders, bold plateaus, shrubs that are trimmed, fences, painting ornaments, and foundation planting. Design in science: extending the ecology paradigm Landscape ecology has identified human as intrinsic to the understanding of concepts of ecosystem and landscape dynamics. Environmental benefits have been in intent part design in the architecture of landscape and planning since the 19th century. It is urged that link between the landscape design and landscape science is needed to achieve societal needs like biogeochemical and ecological processes. The gap between practice and knowledge is poignant for the ecology of the landscape since the landscape patterns perception can affect volition of the human. Landscape ecology can be described as an ecosystem of the heterogeneous mosaic that is adapted by human constantly to increases its perceived value(Martine, 2013). Landscape ecology is placed to contribute sustainability science from its definition where the human is integral. Shedding light technology and science can be employed to protect the support system of the earth within the societal complex system. It was concluded that in societal decision making the effectiveness of scientific information is related to three properties of science, credibility, saliency and legitimacy. To examine the relationship between the landscape science and design, innovation of knowledge is used. The conceptual basis for the design in landscape ecology paradigm: paradigm needs the parts: pattern, design and process. If the landscape design is included as the creation of scientific knowledge, the common link will be present between the practice and science of landscape. The problems that can interfere with the design link as a science and practice are knowledge tool, the process of communication, scientific discipline and feedback to science from practice(Nassauer, 2012). Landscape and urban planning Landscape urbanism: the main premise of the landscape urbanism says that landscape should be the fundamental block of the building for the design in the city. In traditions urbanism, road, building or wall led the development and cultural and natural processes help the designer to organize the urban. Urban ecology evolved from the theory of design within the landscape architecture. It melds high design of the styles and ecology. More ecological design of traditions are known as Messier and for the third reason few appealing to the design of international design. Hence landscape urbanism is theoretical and more visible in actual projects(Nassauer, 2012). Urban ecology: ecology id the discipline with the focus on urban region and landscape. They describe the landscape as the unit of ecology with functions and structures are composed of patches in the matrix. The major integrative landscape characteristics are the line, strip and stream corridors. The Baltimore aim in understanding the regions of the metropolitan as systems of ecology, their research explores the interaction of natural and built environment with social, economic, ecological and hydrological processes. Urban ecology is a field that emphasizes on the approach of interdisciplinary to understand patterns, processes, drivers and outcome of urbanization landscape(Press, 2014). Landscape and ecological urbanization: new design in the city planning and design are because of the urbanization that affects the environment. As the people increases, the percentage in the city increases, and this increases the use of energy and production of greenhouse gasses, waste and pollution become higher and crime and poverty increases. Urban ecology indicates how people should interact with themselves, other species, built and natural environment. By doing this the ecosystem services that are benefits received from nature are increased. Regulatory services are carbon sequestration, purification of water regulation of climate, support services are nutrient cycling and cultural services are the recreational and spiritual inspiration(S.T.A. Pickett, 2012). Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas Ecological networks in the urban are border concept in the ecological network. Network relates to the cascading the loss of biodiversity within the trophic structures and food web. Landscape ecology has contributed to the corridor notion and generic connectivity. From the viewpoint of the landscape, ecology ecological network is important because they provide connectivity and corridor for wildlife movement and also linkages between patches or stepping stones. Ecological network in the urban, from the angle of urban design and planning, establish visual, physical, and ecological connectivity between built area and green spaces and natural areas(Daniel Czechowski, 2016). Green areas have been important components in town planning over last century and have justified on the social and ecological services like improved hygiene, climate, aesthetics, and opportunities for recreations, protection of environment and biodiversity. They also meet the physiological and social needs of the population in urban and timber and food supply(K, 2010). The evolution of the urban ecological network are: Historical aspect; in the beginning there were clusters of dwelling and the urban settlement was constrained by natural features than today's. With the rise in technologies and population, the industrial revolution was swept aside. Urban built, commercial and industrial became the matrix as green space was reduced to threads that are connected. In the early urban, they were known as improvements. In 16th to 18th-century function was greenway was known for beautification and improvement of the public sanitation and urban spaces. In most parks, trees were planted and became the nodes of ecology or spatial. The science of urban planning was solving the problems related to water, disposal and sewage supply to accommodate the circulation of the pedestrian. Greenway is known as the development of ecological networks in urban and together with green spaces and green belt enhance green infrastructure(Bank, 2011). Reflection of landscape architecture in 21st century MCHARGS thought: the design with nature of Mchargs gives the metaphysical purpose and methods that are practical where the reasons of human can reach the rapprochement between natural and modernity system. The cultural climate of the postmodernity that dominated school design in the last 20ty century frowned upon the methods of planning. Postmodern saw it as diminishing the art of liberty and also the perpetuation of the dangers and myths of the aim knowledge and its application instrumentally that had characterized modernity from the revolution of science since the 16th century. PARAGODY AT PENN: by mid of the 1880s, at schools and Upenn around the world, the Mchargian planning and application had become mechanistic and increasingly nor able to yield something other than prescriptive and large-scale land use maps that are static. Ann Whiston Spirn noted that there was need to connect scales of planning and design and along with them, different spheres of science and arts tear the holistic theory of landscape architecture apart(Architects, 2016). Design and planning: the cost of tension between design and planning was a discipline split. On the designer argue that aesthetic of environmentalism are very important. Richard formats seminal contribution to the understanding of landscape ecology extends the Mchargs visions of the measuring the consequences of the ecology of different urban growth forms systematically. His work of latest on urban ecology links the scales of the ecology of the landscape to the design of urban and gives the comprehensive set of the methods and principles that improve the urban environment and ecological health. Global; the population is expected to increase. The population will be stable because of the urbanization(Engineers, 2010). Conclusion This paper summary paper discusses the following subtopics practical applications, urban conservation, messy ecosystem, design in science, landscape and urban planning, planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas, and reflection of landscape architecture in the 21st century. Reference Andre Viljoen, J. H. (2014). Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes. Colorado: Routledge. Annemarie van Paassen, J. v. (2013). Knowledge in Action: The search for collaborative research for sustainable landscape development. Colorado: Springer Science Business Media. Architects, A. S. (2016). Landscape Architecture, Volume 88, Issues 5-8. New York: Lay, Hubbard Wheelwright, Bank, T. W. (2011). Agricultural Innovation Systems: An Investment Sourcebook. California: World Bank Publications. Bojie Fu, B. J. (2014). Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Environment and Culture. Paris: Springer Science Business Media. Daniel Czechowski, T. H. (2016). Revising Green Infrastructure: Concepts Between Nature and Design. Moscow: CRC Press. Engineers, A. S. (2010). Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Volumes 130-131. Michigan: American Society of Civil Engineers, Urban Planning and Development Division. James L. Jr Wescoat, D. M. (2015). Political Economies of Landscape Change: Places of Integrative Power. Paris: Springer Science Business Media. K, B. J. (2010). Landscape Ecology. Moscow: Springer Science Business Media. Martine, G. (2013). The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century. London: Earthscan. Nassauer, J. (2012). Placing Nature: Culture And Landscape Ecology. Toledo: Island Press. Press, A. (2014). The Architects' Journal, Volume 217, Issues 13-25. Melbourne: The University of Virginia. S.T.A. Pickett, M. C. (2012). Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design: Linking Theory and Practice for Sustainable Cities. London: Springer Science Business Media. Smith, N. (2013). The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. Chicago: Routledge.

Restorative Justice regarding current Egypt situation

It should be known that restorative justice lays more emphasis on the needs of victims and offenders. This is done at the expense of satisfying various legal principles that are supposed to be followed. As a matter of fact, it does not pay attention on punishing the offender (Sullivan and Tifft 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Restorative Justice regarding current Egypt situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as restorative justice is concerned, victims are supposed to be actively involved in the process. On the other hand, offenders are also expected to be responsible for their individual actions. By taking responsibility, offenders will be repairing the harm that they have done. Restorative justice should foster dialog between the victim and offender. This will in turn show the expected rate of offender accountability and victim satisfaction. In a broad perspective, restorative justice should be se en as a balance. For instance, it can be a balance to reduce different tensions (Sullivan and Tifft 5). A balance for the needs of the victims and offenders rights can be reached through restorative justice. Wholesomely, there is a very big difference between traditional justice and restorative justice. This is because traditional justice seeks to look at the laws that have been broken and who was responsible. Restorative justice on the other hand looks at those people who have been harmed. As a matter of fact, their needs are also looked at. Restorative justice is a process that needs to be well carried out for sustainability. This is as far as coming up with a solution to the problem is concerned (Sullivan and Tifft 7). Everybody should be involved in the process to come up with a binding solution that will leave all stakeholders satisfied. This is as far as justice is concerned. This paper will mainly focus on restorative justice in regards to the current Egyptian crisis. The cur rent Egyptian conflict is a complex situation that needs to be critically evaluated for a long lasting solution. Currently, there are ongoing anti-government demonstrations around the country.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is the biggest test ever to President Hosni Mubarak’s 30 years rule (Washington post 12). Violent demonstrations have been witnessed in various areas around the capital Cairo. It should be known that these demonstrations have disrupted transport between various centers and airports. As a matter of fact, communication services have been disrupted by these demonstrations. To try and calm the situation, the Egyptian government has imposed a curfew throughout the country (Washington post 16). The current conflict is among various demonstrations that have been witnessed across the Arab world in recent weeks and months. Demonstrators have been agains t the government and they have indicated that they will stop at nothing but to overthrow President Hosni Mubarak. In fact, they have indicated that they want him out soonest (The Telegraph 29). There have been measures like the resignation of the ruling party officials but this has done nothing to stop the crisis. These demonstrations have shook the government and created the worst crisis ever. Soldiers have been arresting looters and this is a sign that the military is taking some security measures (Washington post 13). Police have been accused of brutality but their disappearance from streets had led to a threat of widespread looting. This is set to be addressed by the military that has been brought in to calm the situation. The Egyptian state has been accused of caring for the few and ignoring the majority. Power has been flowing from the gun in Egypt and this might be reason why demonstrators have increased their efforts. This means that good leaders who have authority are not s upposed to shoot people (Basire 16). In this case, the government (Mubarak’s) has shot various demonstrators in recent weeks and this is not good. The Egyptian conflict has various aspects to it because in the past days, there have been pro-government supporters who have also come out to support Mubarak.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Restorative Justice regarding current Egypt situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These demonstrations have centered on lack of employment/jobs and poor lives. Although the president has come out to promise demonstrators more jobs and reforms, there are no clear sighs that he is willing to step down as expected (Washington post 21). Protestors in Egypt have been inspired by the Tunisian crisis where their leader was forced out. Demonstrators are angry at widespread poverty and rising prices that have made life to be difficult for them (The Telegraph 26). Claims of corr uption and torture have further complicated the situation. This crisis therefore brings us to the question of whether insurgency can be restorative in any way. The current crisis in the Arab world in based on this fact and demonstrators believe that insurgency is the only way to resolve their problems. Restorative justice is an insurgency in a broad way (Basire 32). In this case, restorative justice competes with social arrangements and the state. The pain and suffering of the Egyptian demonstrators should be resolved because they have indicated that they need some things sorted out in their society. As much as this is the only way that their grievances could be addressed, restorative justice will expose the nature of power based orders (Rosenau 18). The Egyptian conflict can not be addressed by the society’s structures because this is a case where the whole society is mounting an insurgency to air out their grievances. The society is supposed to value its institutions and re spect them but this is not always the case. Normally, there are other avenues that can be used to address such problems but Egyptians believe that their problems can not be addressed by such institutions. Egyptian demonstrations have been aimed at meeting the needs of the whole society. This insurgency therefore aims to restore their hope for good lives and jobs. As much as Egyptians understand the political aspects of restorative justice, they feel that they can only achieve their aspirations through insurgency.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been proven that a society can only mount an insurgency if it feels that there are various issues that are supposed to be solved (Basire 27). This therefore tries to explain the fact that people will chose this as an option if they have been pushed to the wall. Insurgency can be restorative because there are various demands that we explain how a state or individual can deny responsibility for atrocities that have been committed (Sullivan and Tifft 17). Egyptians believe that they will be able to restore their society if Hosni Mubarak steps aside. In this case, they are holding him responsible for all the problems that they are currently facing. This is solely based on the fact that he has been in power for 30 years and some of these demonstrators feel that he has not done enough. The people of Egypt have their own cultural autonomy and as such should be listened to. This insurgency has therefore given them a good opportunity to air out their grievances. The people of Egypt ha ve come up in large numbers to support this insurgency with a cause. Therefore, this insurgency will be restorative in a broad way (Rosenau 26). As much as the people of Tunisia had their way, this is not a good trend that other countries and citizens are supposed to emulate and follow. Leaders like Hosni Mubarak are supposed to be sensitive to people’s needs and correct problems before they become grave (Sullivan and Tifft 14). There is a tendency to ignore the wishes of the majority and this is not good at all as far as ethics of good leadership are concerned. It is not understandable as per to why Mubarak could only promise reforms and jobs after seeing that demonstrators were indeed serious. The Egyptian conflict will unfold as restorative and healing depending on the final outcome. This is because Hosni Mubarak is not showing any sighs that he will step down anytime soon. All in all, there is a good effort to ensure that burning issues are addressed. For instance, the ne wly appointed vice president is expected to spearhead negotiations that will go ion a big way to resolve the impasse (The Telegraph 19). This will restore public confidence in the government and give them a new sense of life. All stakeholders are supposed to be consulted and involved in coming up with a long lasting solution to this problem (Basire 32). The Egyptian government can not go on with its normal operations as if everything is right but there should be efforts to resolve various outstanding issues. This can explain why president Barrack Obama has called for a peaceful transition (Washington post 11). Other future insurgencies can be restorative and healing based on the approach that they will be given by the society at large and all stakeholders. The Egyptian situation is fragile and it should be used to stabilize the country and restore order and confidence in governance (The Telegraph 21). This will only be achieved if people’s grievances are attended to immediate ly and urgently. Works Cited Basire, Katherine. Taking Restorative Justice Seriously. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004. Print. Rosenau, William. Subversion and Insurgency. USA: RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2007. Print. Sullivan, Dennis and Tifft Larry. The Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective. New York: Routledge, 2008. Print. The Telegraph. Egypt protests: Bloodshed on the streets as human price of Hosni Mubarak’s clampdown emerges, 2011. Web. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/8290715/Egypt-protests-Bloodshed-on-the-streets-as-human-price-of-Hosni-Mubaraks-clampdown-emerges.html Washington post. Egypt protests show George W. Bush was right about freedom in the Arab world, 2011.Web. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/28/AR2011012803144.html This essay on Restorative Justice regarding current Egypt situation was written and submitted by user Rivka Moreno to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Socialization Agents Of Coming Of Age In Mississippi

Socialization Agents of Coming of Age in Mississippi The title of Anne Moody’s autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, suggests an ongoing process of socialization. The most important socialization agent would be Anne’s family. I believe this because family is the most important factor in a child’s life. They decide how the child will perceive life, and whether or not the child will succeed in life. A child is molded by the way a family treats the child and by their actions. In the autobiography, Anne is abused by her older cousin. She is terrified by the thought of him. I believe this abuse made her stronger when she became older. Her parents divorced when she was five years old. Her father was a womanizer and a gambler. She saw the pain and suffering that her mother went through. She heard her mother crying in the middle of the night because she was depressed. I think the divorce and the pain that she saw made Anne grow up faster than a child that doesn’t go through that. Anne’s family was poor. Her mother was trying to support the children and herself, she barely had enough money to feed the children. Her mother always seemed to be pregnant. When Anne was nine years old, she got her first job. She started working for white women, sweeping and cleaning the white people’s houses. She was proud to bring money home to help feed herself and her family. Anne’s mother was a very strong person in one way, but very weak in another way. She was strong because she managed to hold the family together through many hardships, she kept the children fed and in school. She was weak because she was scared to speak up for herself; she was scared to fight for her rights. She didn’t question how black people were treated; she just took it and moved on. Anne was opposite of her mother, when it came to the weakness. She wasn’t scared to speak up for her rights, she questioned the injustice. Family pla... Free Essays on Socialization Agents Of Coming Of Age In Mississippi Free Essays on Socialization Agents Of Coming Of Age In Mississippi Socialization Agents of Coming of Age in Mississippi The title of Anne Moody’s autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, suggests an ongoing process of socialization. The most important socialization agent would be Anne’s family. I believe this because family is the most important factor in a child’s life. They decide how the child will perceive life, and whether or not the child will succeed in life. A child is molded by the way a family treats the child and by their actions. In the autobiography, Anne is abused by her older cousin. She is terrified by the thought of him. I believe this abuse made her stronger when she became older. Her parents divorced when she was five years old. Her father was a womanizer and a gambler. She saw the pain and suffering that her mother went through. She heard her mother crying in the middle of the night because she was depressed. I think the divorce and the pain that she saw made Anne grow up faster than a child that doesn’t go through that. Anne’s family was poor. Her mother was trying to support the children and herself, she barely had enough money to feed the children. Her mother always seemed to be pregnant. When Anne was nine years old, she got her first job. She started working for white women, sweeping and cleaning the white people’s houses. She was proud to bring money home to help feed herself and her family. Anne’s mother was a very strong person in one way, but very weak in another way. She was strong because she managed to hold the family together through many hardships, she kept the children fed and in school. She was weak because she was scared to speak up for herself; she was scared to fight for her rights. She didn’t question how black people were treated; she just took it and moved on. Anne was opposite of her mother, when it came to the weakness. She wasn’t scared to speak up for her rights, she questioned the injustice. Family pla...

Assessment of impact of risk analysis on delivery of e

Assessment of impact of risk analysis on delivery of e Methodology has been described by Collis and Hussey (2007, p.78) as an approach used in research to organize and plan the general approach in which the research goals and questions are addressed. In addition, different tasks are carried to ensure that the research is successful since the findings and analysis depend heavily on the methodology applied. In other words, methodology is the core of a research.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Assessment of impact of risk analysis on delivery of e-learning programs in universities of Saudi Arabia: Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Goddard and Melville (2001, p.1), research methodology as a process helps in answering researcher’s unanswered questions and creating which that did not exist in the first place. In respect to the research study, different research variables which include risk analysis theory shall be applied. To achieve the r esearch aim and objectives, qualitative research method and exploratory research design will be used. The collected data is relevant and related to risk assessment in e-learning in Saudi Arabia universities. The research approach A well defined research approach plays an integral role in making a research richer in content by following a logical and stepwise framework for the collection of data. According to Gliner and Morgan (2000), there are two research approaches which are commonly, namely inductive and deductive approaches. The research will use deductive research approach because of its applicability in collecting a large volume of data which was required for the research. In addition, compared to the inductive approach, deductive research approach is more supportive to the collection of more authentic data. In course of the research, the researcher shall move from general points to more specific points. For instance, the concept of e-learning will be discussed followed by its impacts on students learning, followed by discussion on the impact of risk analysis on e-learning programs by universities in Saudi Arabia. This will ensure that the goals of the research were achieved throughout the research process. The deductive research approach is appropriate and authentic as it reduces vagueness and bias in the research findings and conclusions. The research method Because of the nature of the research, the researcher will adopt qualitative research method. This is because a qualitative research method allows a researcher to understand a particular social phenomenon and discover the most innermost meaning (Pratt 2006; Newman Benz 2006). In reference to the research study, qualitative research method will be used to understand perspectives, views, and meaning of major interest of members of the Ministry of Higher Education in the National Center for E-Learning and Distance Learning Saudi Arabia. This will allow the researcher to get in-depth information and d ata relative to the subject under study. In addition, it will be possible to get at personal level with the participants since interview which is a qualitative data collection method will be used.Advertising Looking for dissertation on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the perspective of the participants, it will be possible for the researcher to understand the situation of e-learning in Saudi Arabia. Since no quantification of the collected data is required, qualitative research method will ensure that extrapolation, understanding and illumination of the situation understand study is realized (Golafshani 2003, p.600). The research design Marczyk, DeMatteo Festinger (2005) note that a research design is pivotal facet of a research study as it assists in the identification of the appropriate research methods so as to meet the requirements of the research approach. Iacobucci and Churchill (2010, p.58) ha ve defined research design as a plan in study, which is used as a guide while collecting and analyzing data. In this line of context, exploratory research design shall be adopted because it allows a researcher to gather preliminary information required in defining the research problem. Furthermore, it is important as is assists in exploring key facts and information about the research problem. For example, exploratory research design will be adopted to get the facts of e-learning from the members of the National Center for E-Learning and Distance Learning Saudi Arabia. The reason why exploratory research design shall be used is because it specifies a reliable, valid and generalized approach to the collection of data. Consequently, errors can be examined in an appropriate way and in a timely manner (Greig, Taylor Mackay 2007; Iacobucci Churchill 2010, p.60). Furthermore, exploratory research design signifies the relevance of data that is collected during the defined process. The us e of the exploratory research design will make possible by combining it with qualitative research method. In addition, information gathered shall be integrated together through risk analysis theory adopted in the study. Lastly, exploratory research has been chosen because of its ability to offer the researchers pertinent information as well as help in answering the research question. This was achieved through information and data gathering and creating theories related to the research study. The data collection Before data collection is carried, consent shall be sought from 70 participants from the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the participants shall be informed of the nature of the study, its goals, objectives, and why the research is being carried. In addition, a letter from the university and a cover letter outlining the purposes of the research study will also made available to the participants and the relevant a uthority. It is imperative to note that in this study both secondary and primary data collection methods shall be used.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Assessment of impact of risk analysis on delivery of e-learning programs in universities of Saudi Arabia: Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the nature of the research study, face to face interviews coupled with personally administered questionnaires shall be used to collect data and information from the selected participants from the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning. The researcher will use semi-structured interview schedules to get the required information from the participants. This implies that the systematically structured questions shall be asked starting with general to the specific. To avoid bias during the data collection method, leading questions shall be avoided. The researcher is aware of th e consequences of asking any leading questions and to ensure originality and both internal and external validity and reliability, the researcher shall offer explanation where the participants may not understand in understandable knowledge possible. Sampling procedure Generally, it is usually impossible to carry a research study on an entire population such as in all universities in Saudi Arabia. As a result, sampling is necessary in ensuring that a section of the population is selected to represent the entire population. Although qualitative research does not require the use of the collected results for generalization purposes, the researcher found it important to carry out sampling to ensure that unbiased sample was selected. In this particular study, simple random sampling method shall be used for sample selection purposes. According to Greene and Hogan (2005), simple random sampling is used to give an equal chance to every member of the university to be selected to be part of the sample used. Simple random sampling has been described as a sampling technique which involves the selection of a group of participants for the purpose of studying a larger population. In addition, each participant is chosen on the basis of chance, meaning that each individual in the large population shares the same chance as the selected participant. In this line of thought, the researcher shall adopt random sampling to select 65 members of the Ministry Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia. To ensure that each of the individual from the Ministry of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia was well represented in the sample, the list of all members of the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia shall be formulated. Out of the population, 65 random numbers shall be selected which shall form the representation of the sample of the research study. Among the 65 subjects, 15 will undergo face to face i nterviews while the 50 be part of self administered questionnaire.Advertising Looking for dissertation on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major advantage of using simple random sampling in the research is its ability to reduce any potential human bias during the selection of the subjects included in the study sample (Fink 2006, p.48). Consequently, simple sampling shall provide the researcher with a study sample which is a representative of the population under study. In addition, generalizations of the results can be easily done since the sample under study shall represent Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia which is the body which acts as custodian for e-learning in Saudi Arabia. This shall ensure that the researcher achieves external validity which is important in a study. However, the sampling technique does not lack anticipated challenges such difficulties in getting a list with the individual population representing the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia. However, although the process of compiling the list is time consuming and cumbersome, measures shall be undertaken to ensure that the population list is generated for sampling purposes. Research subjects/Participants The research is to be undertaken in the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia. Only 65 members of the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning shall be selected for 15 interview and 50 self administered questionnaires to collect pertinent information about the impact of risk analysis on the delivery of e-learning programs in universities of Saudi Arabia. The major characteristic of the participants is to be over 30 years and above as well as an active member of the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning for the at least two years. The age bracket and the experience are necessary as it shall assist the researcher get the required perception, experiences and opinions necessary in achieving the research study objects. A lthough the issue of having women work in male dominated fields is highly sensitive in Saudi Arabia because of cultural practices and beliefs as well as the low levels of women with university level education, the researcher shall include women as part of the research participants. This shall reduce bias resulting from gender and enabled the researcher to have different views from both males and female participants. Although the sample is small compared to the number of university representatives in Saudi Arabia, it is justifiable and easy to work with since the research is more of qualitative than quantitative. The major strengths associated with the selected sample size are its gender, age and experience considerations. In addition, the sample is easy to access and considerably appropriate for the research study. Since the participants shall be selected through simple random sampling, the data collected from the sample shall not biased and it generalization was possible. The only drawback is that some of the respondents may have busy schedules and the researcher may be forced to re-schedule the data collection timetable to make sure all the participants participate. Instrumentation and Administration For the purposes of carrying out the research study, the researcher shall use structured interviews schedules and personally administered questionnaires. Interviews have been described by Pratt (2006) as one of qualitative research methods applied in research study for its ability to gain rapport and confidence with the respondents. The interview schedule has been designed in such a way that it starts from general questions to more specific questions and a part of closing remarks on implementation of e-learning in Saudi Arabia. The structured research schedule has 10 questions which shall act as guidance during the data collection process. The 15 participants shall undergo face to face interviews for approximately 40 minutes. The formulated questions shall be di rected to the interviewee and their responses recorded. Before the recording is done, consent shall be sought from each of the participants to ensure that they are comfortable with the recording. Audio recording will be carried during the 40 minute interview session. Once the process of interviewing is completed, the responses will be transcribed and the transcripts validated by each of the participants. The data shall then be imported to enhance representation which will later be used for analysis and discussion. The transcripts shall be read and listened over and over so that the researcher could get the key data categories. The collected data and information will now ready for analysis and discussions. Face to face interviews are justifiable because they are cheap, time saving and allow the researcher to collect first hand information (Opdenakker 2006; Valenzuela Shrivastava n.d, p.2; Leon 2003, p.93). Based on this observation, the researcher will be able to use less financial costs and collect information which will directly come from the participants’ point of view. In addition, the researcher will be able to have a rapport and infiltrate the social space of each participant during the interviewing process. As noted by Denscombe (2007, p.175), this allows a researcher to make the participant more comfortable during the interviewing process. Lastly, interviews have a high return rate compared to other data collection methods such as the use of questionnaires (Leon 2003, p.93; Knox Burkard 2009). The major limitation of interviews is that participants can manipulate the responses being given thus comprising the validity of the study results (Crowther Lancaster 2008). In addition, time wastage may be experienced while rescheduling interview. There is high probability of getting biased data if the researcher asks biased questions or concludes the answers on behalf of the participants to meet the researcher’s expectation. Personally administe red questionnaires The researcher will also use questionnaires to collect data from 50 participants from Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning. The questionnaires will be personally administered by the researcher to each of the 50 participants. Personally administered questionnaires are administered personally to the participants where the participants fill them in the presence of the researcher. The major reason why this form of data collection has been selected id because of its capability to sufficiently collect data from an area where the participants are jointly assembled or found. Therefore, since that data will be collected from Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning which offers a convenient setting for the use of personally administered questionnaires. In addition, the use of the personally administered questionnaires will enable the researcher to gather the participants and collect the data. Therefore, compared to interviewing, personally administered questionnaires is less expensive and takes less time thus saving finances, energy and time. In addition, administering questionnaires does not require many skills as in the case of face to face interviews. The major benefit associated with administered questionnaires is that the researcher is afforded the chance to briefly introduce the topic understand as well as motivate the participants to give honest and frank responses. This aspect increases the research finding reliability and viability at the same time. The most probable limitation of using personally administered questionnaires disinclination of Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning of Saudi Arabia to allow the questionnaires to be self administered during working hours. However, this limitation may be countered by leaving blank questionnaires for the participants to complete them in a few days and have them mailed back, or collected by the researcher from a central point. Ethical issues The research endeavor was carry risk assessment on delivery of e-learning programs in universities of Saudi Arabia. To ensure the restoration of professionalism in research study, the researcher shall ensure ethical code of conduct is followed. Ethical considerations shall be taken into account to provide validity to the research study, which is entirely based on an ethical code of conduct. In addition, through ethical considerations, research will be made reliable and credible in the sense that the research study can undergo debriefing process. Prior undertaking the research, the researcher will seek consent from the participants and the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning. The participants shall be given surety that the information recorded during the data collection process is to be kept confidential and that it would not be made available to third party (Jackson 2008). In addition, the researcher will give su rety that privacy and anonymity are to be observed and maintained throughout the research study. Given that the information being collected from participants was original and the content not copied from any source, consent shall be sought from the participants. An explanatory letter shall be sent to each of the 65 participants prior the interviews and the use of questionnaires. The letters sent to each of the participants will be signed by the university faculty. In addition to the explanatory letter, a cover letter outlining the purpose of the research, its aim and surety that the research is for academic purposes will be sent. It should be noted that no participant will be coerced, forced or acted under duress during the sample selection and interviewing process as well as during the completion of the questionnaires. The participants voluntarily agreed to be part of the research and were part of the debriefing process. Before the interviews are audio taped, the researcher will see k consent to record all their responses. Furthermore, the participants will be assured of the possibility of having the results back to authenticate whether they conformed to what they had said during the interviewing process. On the secondary data used in the study, the researcher will ensure that literary works from the secondary materials were acknowledged. Academic requirements in relation to copyrighted materials will also be put into consideration to avoid plagiarism. All these ethical considerations will be carried to ensure that originality, validity, and reliability of the research are achieved. The information used in the research study will be verified from different sources before being presented in a methodical way. Lastly, the information used in the literature review and adopted during the discussion process was used to provide literal support and provide references to the information included in the dissertation paper. Reliability and validity of the study The concep ts of validity and reliability are very important in a study. Threats of these two elements as noted by Cohen, Manion, Morrison and Morrison (2009, p.133) â€Å"can never be erased completely; rather the effects of these threats can be attenuated by attention to validity and reliability throughout a piece of research.† Different instruments of data collection are used to address both validity and reliability. Although reliability is important in a research study, it acts as a precondition for ensuring validity of the methodology. To begin with, validity is used to mean the extent to which an instrument used in a study measures what it was intended to measure (Miller n.d, p.3; Stemler 2001, p.7; Kirk Miller1986). Furthermore, it is applied in qualitative research to determine the authenticity of the collected data. Cohen et al. (2009, p.134) note that validity of qualitative research is not concentrated on collected data but on the meaning in which the collected data is attac hed. In this line thought, the researcher shall be honest enough while self-reporting of the collected data and information. There are some principles which need to be observed for validity to exist. For example, the source of the collected data should be from the natural setting. In addition, the collected data should be descriptive and be represented in terms of the participants rather than that of the researcher (Cohen et al. 2009, 134; Connaway Powell 2010, p.61). To ensure that face validity was achieved, the researcher will ensure that the instrument used in the research which is structured interview and questionnaire schedules, measures what they are designed to measure which is e-learning in Saudi Arabia’s universities. Another kind of validity that will be tested in the research is content validity which according to Miller (n.d p.3), measures the degree to which the designed instrument fully measures the domain of interest. For example, in the study, the researcher will carry the research to explore risk assessment analysis of the implementation of e-learning in Saudi Arabia. In this line of context and drawing from the interview research schedule, the researcher shall ensure that all the questions are fully a representative of the domain under which the study was being carried. On the other hand, reliability has been defined as the degree to which a measurement procedure is able to produce similar results if the research was repeated (Miller n.d, p.1; Thanasegaran 2009, p.35). To ensure that the collected data is reliable, the researcher shall develop openness and trustworthiness. This shall ensure that the researcher gets the intended results from the participants. As a result, duplicability could easily be achieved. Furthermore, the sampling technique adopted will ensure reliability since random sampling gives equal chances to each individual in a population. The data to be collected is believed to be sufficient to facilitate adequate data analysis thus enhancing reliability of the research findings. Limitations The major limitation is the use of qualitative research method only which may be influenced by the researcher or the subjects used in the study. Quantitative research method could have been applied to measure the degree of the risks involved in e-learning implementation. According to Anderson (2010, p.141), subjects used in a qualitative study may influence the responses given leading to bias in the collected data. To avoid this limitation, the researcher shall avoid leading or directive questions as well as developing a rapport with the participants. Another limitation in the research is difficulty in interpreting some of the responses since different people have different ways of expressing their opinions, perceptions and views. To minimize this problem, the researcher shall adopt respondent validation to ensure that any complications and inconsistencies are dealt with. The research methodology is highly de pended on qualitative research method which is less likely to ensure reliability given that the participants could change their responses if the research was repeated. Time barrier because of geographical representations of the two countries may delay the research. Lastly, there is high probability that the participants may not exhaust their responses fully thus exhibiting some level of bias. Appropriateness of the research design The study is based on exploratory research design which explores facts and information about the research problem. In respect to the study, the design is adopted with the attempt to explore the facts of e-learning implementation in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, exploratory research design shall allow the researcher to use the most effective research method to reach reliable and validated outcomes. Additionally, both primary and secondary data shall be used in the study where the secondary data will be used to compliment the data collected through interviews a nd questionnaires. This shall enable the researcher to get the facts with no bias and errors whatsoever. Furthermore, the research design signifies the relevance of data that is collected during the defined process. Summary Qualitative research design will be adopted in the research study and used together with exploratory research design. The researcher will use qualitative research design since only views and opinions of the participants in regard to the research objectives and aim will be required. Exploratory resign design will be used to get the facts and employ the most appropriate data collection methods. By adopting deductive research approach, the researcher will be able to move from general to more specific elements and aspects of the study. Both secondary and primary data collection methods shall be used in the research study. During the data collection process, 25 participants will be interviewed through structured interviews to provide primary data. Secondary data has b een collected from literary sources such as journals, magazines, books, reports, Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia website, and news articles among other relevant materials. The mixed method will ensure that data compliment is realized. The advantages of interviews are that it is cheap, time saving, and information collected is based on the participants’ point of view. On the other hand, data collection methods are also cheap, time saving and have information which is already interpreted and analyzed. Simple random sampling method will be used to select the required sample of 70 participants. The participants will be selected from the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia thus representing all universities in Saudi Arabia. Simple random sampling will be chosen because of its ability to minimize human bias and at the same time providing a sample which forms the representation of the Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia. As a result, external validity will be realized. The selected participants are supposed to be 30 years and above and to have worked in Ministry of Higher Education in National Center and Distance Learning of at least two years. The data will be collected through the use of face to face interviews and personally administered questionnaires. Each participant shall be interviewed for 40 minutes and the responses audio taped. In addition, notes were also collected during the interview process. Different ethical considerations such as participants consent, confidentiality, and anonymity shall be maintained throughout the study. Explanatory letters and cover letters will be sent to each of the participants indicating the research purpose and the intention to carry the study. The participants have voluntarily accepted to be part of the sample and given consent to the audio taped. Secondary materials have been acknowledged and so was plagiarism. To ensure validity and reliability in the research instrument, different methods will be adopted which minimizes validity and reliability threats. The major limitations of the methodology include the use of qualitative research design only, bias from the collected data, and the influence of researcher or the participants on the collected data. Reference List Anderson, C 2010, Presenting and evaluating qualitative research, Am J Pharm Edc, vol. 74, no. 8, p.141. Cohen, L, Manion, L, Morrison, K Morrison, K R B 2009, Research Methods in Education, New York, Routledge Collis, J. Hussey, R 2003, Business Research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. Connaway, L S Powell, R R 2010, Basic research methods for librarians, Santa Barbara, Libraries Unlimited. Creswell, J W 2003, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. 2nd ed. London: SAGE. Crowther, D Lancaster, G 2008, Research Methods: A Concise Introduction to Research in Management and Business Consultancy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Denscombe, M 2007, The good research guide: For small-scale social research projects, McGraw-Hill Education. Fink, A 1998, Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From Paper to the Internet, Thousand Oaks, Sage. Fink, A. 2006, How to conduct surveys: a step-by-step guide, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Fowler, F J 2002, Survey Research Methods, (3rd ed), London, SAGE. Gliner, J A Morgan, G A 2000, Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis, New Jersey, Routledge Goddard, W Melville, S 2001, Research methodology: an introduction, Lansdowne, Juta. Golafshani, N 2003, Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research, The Qualitative Report, vol.8, no.4, pp.597-607. Greene, S Hogan, D 2005, Researching Children’s Experiences: Methods and Approaches, London, Sage. Greig, A , Taylor, J Mackay, T 2007, Doing Research with Children, (2nd ed), London, Sage. Iacobucci, D Churchill, G A 2010, Marketing research: methodological foundations, Mason, South-Western. Jackson, S.L 2008, Research Methods: A Modular Approach, Cengage Learning. Johnson, P Duberley, J 2000, Understanding Management Research: An Introduction to Epistemology. London: SAGE. Kirk, J Miller, M L 1986, Reliability and validity in qualitative research, Beverly Hills, Sage Publications. Knox, S Burkard, A 2009, Qualitative research interviews, Psychotherapy Research, vol.19, no. 4-5, pp.1-18. Leon, J J 2003, Survey research: in-person, mail, telephone and web methods, Honolulu, Streamline Surveys, Inc. Marczyk, G R, DeMatteo, D Festinger, D 2005, Essentials of Research Design and Methodology, USA, John Wiley and Sons. Miller, M J n.d, Reliability and validity: Graduate Research Methods, Western International University Newman, I Benz, C R 2006, Qualitative-quantitative research methodo logy: exploring the interactive continuum. Carbondale, Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Opdenakker, R 2006, Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research, Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,.vol.7, no.4. Pather, E 2005, Methodology, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/1811/04Chapter4.pdf?sequence=7. Pratt, N 2006, Qualitative research, edu.plymouth.ac.uk/resined/qualitative%20methods%202/qualrshm.htm#2.%20METHODS%20OF%20QUALITATIVE%20RESEARCH. Stemler, S 2001, An overview of content analysis, Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation, vol.7, no.17, p.7. Thanasegaran, G 2009, Reliability and validity issues in research, http://econ.upm.edu.my/researchbulletin/artikel/Vol%204%20March%202009/35-40%20Ganesh.pdf. Valenzuela, P Shrivastava, P n.d, Interview as a method of qualitative research, public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/Interview%20Fri.pdf.

Russian scientists' contribution in the world science Essay

Russian scientists' contribution in the world science - Essay Example Economist and Noble prize winner Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, founder of linear programming. Nikolai Basov, who invented laser. Now, in this assignment let us discuss in detail the hurdles faced by them through the process of innovations and life history. Dmitri Mendedleev: One of the great scientists of Russia is the Dmitri Mendelev, survived from 1834 to 1907 and has contributed the precious Periodic Table of Elements. The story began when the atomic weights of elements were derived wrongly. As a result incorrect compounds were found to be formed. So there resulted a serious confusion in determining the characteristics of elements and their atomic weights (Allaby & Gjertsen, 2002). It was stated that Mendeleev derived the Periodic table in his dreams. Mendeleev had the vision of the Periodic table in his mind but unable to put them in to table. He worked continuously for three days to create the table. Ultimately he slept in his table and had a dream of the arranging the 63 ele ments in the Periodic Table of Elements. Then he wake up from the dream and derived the table that he dreamt. It was perfectly correct with only few corrections made in it. It took nearly 20 years to construct this precious table and his contribution helped greatly to learn the characteristics and property of the elements. Later he discovered Gallium, Scandium and Germanium. He worked as a professor at the St. University of Petersburg from 1868 to 1890. His other studies and contributions are Nature of solutions Expansion of liquids 40Â ° vodka formula 30 components formula derived in 5 rows. This was so simple and precise that his findings exceeded all the works of his predecessors. The derivation of 40Â ° vodka formula was really an interesting story. It was the time world over running researches on weight analysis on alcoholic solutions. Mendeleev received the accurate results by missing the alcohol with water based on weights while the whole other world used to mix by volumes. Then he formulated as the precise content of spirit in vodka to be 40Â °. Upon reciprocal dilution the largest compression a mixture can be made. That is 45.88% of anhydrous spirit can be mixed with 54.12% of water. To explain this exactly 1 liter of 40Â ° vodka weights 951 grams exactly (Allaby & Gjertsen, 2002). Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev: Lebedev was born in 1834 in Lubin. He completed his graduation at St. Petersburg University. After his graduation he moved from university to university in charge of the work and finally settled down at the Petersburg Margarine Factory (Encyclopedia Britannica Inc, 2002). His main works are devoted to the invention of the polymerization of the hydrocarbons of ‘diene’ type. He was the first to produce the polybutadiene synthetic rubber. This synthetic rubber replaced the natural rubber and was produced during World War I as there was a shortage of natural rubber. His wrote a book named as ‘Research in polymerization of by-et hylene hydrocarbons’ in 1913, which became the basics guide for studies on synthetic rubber. He also introduced the modern methods which lead to the manufacture of the butyl synthetic rubber and poly iso-butylene with the help of his studies on polymerization of ethylene monomers. The access of reliable sources to natural rubber was difficult to Russians. Hence the mass production of the synthetic rubber was essential and this was launched in 1932. In 1940, they produced more than 50,000 tons per year. Later the process of obtaining butadiene rubber from ethyl